Max Planck Evrimsel Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nden (Almanya) yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamaya g\u00f6re , genetik\u00e7iler son 6.000 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Kafkasya’da ve her iki taraf\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f 131 ki\u015finin genomlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek , bu b\u00f6lgedeki insan hareketlerinin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yeniliklerin kronolojisini yeniden olu\u015fturdu . Bilimsel makale Nature dergisinde yay\u0131nland\u0131 . Karadeniz ve Hazar Denizi aras\u0131nda yer alan Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesi , Avrupa, Orta Do\u011fu ve Asya’y\u0131 birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131yor. Yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Pontus bozk\u0131rlar\u0131ndan \u0130ran’a kadar olan b\u00f6lgeyi kaps\u0131yor .<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nAra\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ba\u015fkan\u0131 Dr. Wolfgang Haack, “Bu b\u00f6lgeyi incelemek i\u00e7in bu kadar ilgin\u00e7 k\u0131lan \u015fey, tam olarak farkl\u0131 ekolojik-co\u011frafi \u00f6zelliklerin ve arkeolojik k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve etkile\u015fimidir” diye a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor .<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, bu b\u00f6lgede<\/strong> genetik olarak birbirinden farkl\u0131 iki avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 grup ya\u015f\u0131yordu: B\u00fcy\u00fck Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131’n\u0131n kuzeyinde ve g\u00fcneyinde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu durum , M\u00d6 alt\u0131nc\u0131 biny\u0131lda kuzey Mezopotamya’dan gelen ilk \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin geli\u015fiyle<\/strong> de\u011fi\u015fti . Bu g\u00f6\u00e7, iki \u00f6nemli genetik kar\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. “G\u00fcneyli” avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131’n\u0131n kuzeyine, bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek orada ya\u015fayan “kuzeyli” n\u00fcfusla kayna\u015ft\u0131. Baz\u0131 avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131lar ise Kafkaslar\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki orijinal yerlerinde kalarak gelen \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerle melezle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u00d6 5. ve 4. biny\u0131llarda, Kuzey Karadeniz bozk\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n nehir vadilerinde Bak\u0131r \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/strong> k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131<\/strong> ve karakteristik toprak mezar h\u00f6y\u00fcklerinin in\u015fas\u0131 sayesinde arkeolojik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale geldi. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00fcneyden de gelen bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrler, her iki grup (Kafkaslar\u0131n kuzeyinde ve g\u00fcneyinde ya\u015fayanlar) aras\u0131nda bir temas ve etkile\u015fim d\u00f6nemine<\/strong> yol a\u00e7t\u0131 . Sonu\u00e7 olarak , M\u00d6 4. biny\u0131lda, teknik ve sosyal yenilikler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir zenginli\u011fe sahip , Bronz \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n e\u015fsiz Maykop k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n“Bu, Kuzey Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinde bilgi ve teknoloji transferinin zirve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem: Genetik olarak farkl\u0131 gruplarda \u00e7ok benzer k\u00fclt\u00fcrel unsurlar g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kar\u0131\u015fma ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fim belirtisi var. \u0130nsan gruplar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerini Avrasya’n\u0131n u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z otlaklar\u0131na daha uygun, daha hareketli, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir ekonomiye uyarlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 bir an\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz ,” diye a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yazarlar\u0131ndan Dr. Sabina Reinhold .<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
Nitekim arkeolojik kan\u0131tlar, s\u00fcr\u00fc y\u00f6netimi, s\u00fct \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fi teknikleri ve ula\u015f\u0131m ( tekerlekler ve arabalar) alanlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck yeniliklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra atlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u015feyi g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n“Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00fcresel s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri end\u00fcstrisi, Bronz \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’ndaki bu yeniliklerin temelleri \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur . Bu yenilikler, olduk\u00e7a \u00f6zel bir uygulamay\u0131 k\u0131talararas\u0131 bir olguya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc ,” diyor \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yazarlar\u0131ndan Profes\u00f6r Christina Warinner .<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
Peynir gibi uzun s\u00fcre dayanabilen g\u0131dalar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve ula\u015f\u0131m alan\u0131ndaki yenilikler, Avrasya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen yerle\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u0131ta \u00e7ap\u0131nda ileti\u015fim a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7e\u015fitli yeniliklerin birle\u015fimi, M\u00d6 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc biny\u0131l\u0131n<\/strong> ba\u015flar\u0131nda ,<\/strong> \u00f6rne\u011fin Yamnaya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle ili\u015fkili gruplar taraf\u0131ndan uygulanan, tamamen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir<\/strong> hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131 . Bu ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgesine yay\u0131ld\u0131 ve do\u011fuda Mo\u011folistan’a, bat\u0131da ise Karpat Havzas\u0131’na ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki, bu ayn\u0131 zamanda Kafkas gruplar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneye do\u011fru geni\u015fledi\u011fi<\/strong> bir d\u00f6nemdi : \u00f6rne\u011fin, G\u00fcrcistan’dan Kura-Araxes k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temsilcileri , kuzeydeki bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgesiyle neredeyse hi\u00e7bir ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Do\u011fu Anadolu, Levant ve \u0130ran b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015ftiler .<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bozk\u0131r ve Kafkas topluluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sosyal yap\u0131da farkl\u0131l\u0131klar<\/strong> bulundu. Kafkasya’n\u0131n daha yerle\u015fik eski sakinleri, ayn\u0131 ve\/veya yak\u0131n mezar h\u00f6y\u00fcklerine g\u00f6m\u00fclen ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda daha y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde akrabal\u0131k ve yak\u0131n ba\u011flar g\u00f6sterdi. \u00d6te yandan , bozk\u0131r sakinleri bu t\u00fcr ba\u011flara \u00e7ok az sahipti ; akrabalar\u0131n\u0131n mezarlar\u0131ndan uzakta \u00f6ld\u00fcler ve ayn\u0131 klan i\u00e7inde evlenme olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc .<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak, M\u00d6 ikinci biny\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda , bozk\u0131r ve Kafkas halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir etkile\u015fim d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fand\u0131 : kurakl\u0131klar ve do\u011fan\u0131n ac\u0131mas\u0131zca s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi nedeniyle bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde n\u00fcfusunu kaybetti . Bozk\u0131r sakinleri Kafkasya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek yerle\u015fik “da\u011f ekonomisine” entegre oldular.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
—-<\/p>\n\n\n\n