{"id":916,"date":"2025-10-13T23:45:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-13T23:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=916"},"modified":"2026-10-14T00:12:24","modified_gmt":"2026-10-14T00:12:24","slug":"yenilmez-sinir-altin-orda-kuzey-kafkasyayi-neden-fethetmeyi-basaramadi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=916","title":{"rendered":"A\u015f\u0131lamayan S\u0131n\u0131r: Alt\u0131n Orda Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131 Neden Fethetmeyi Ba\u015faramad\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Mairbek Vachagaev<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkasya’da Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n elinde en \u00e7ok kim zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc? B\u00f6lgeye geli\u015finden \u00f6nce durum nas\u0131ld\u0131 ve buradaki egemenli\u011fini nas\u0131l sonland\u0131rd\u0131? Oryantalist tarih\u00e7i ve Tarih Bilimleri Doktoru Yaroslav Pilipchuk ve \u00c7e\u00e7en tarih\u00e7i Mairbek Vachagaev bu ve di\u011fer sorular\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaroslav Pilipchuk, Ukrayna, M.P. Dragomanov Ulusal Pedagoji \u00dcniversitesi, D\u00fcnya Tarihi ve Arkeoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc K\u0131demli \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Sevgili Yaroslav, Kuzey Kafkasya’da Alt\u0131n Orda’dan ne zamandan beri bahsedebiliriz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Oryantalist tarih\u00e7i ve Tarih Bilimleri Doktoru Yaroslav Pilipchuk<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n veya Cu\u00e7i Ulusu’nun kurulu\u015funun 1240’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi kabul edilir . Resmi olarak Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n tarihi, Cengiz Han’\u0131n 1207’de Sibirya’n\u0131n orman halklar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flara kadar uzan\u0131r.<\/a> Ger\u00e7ekte, Cu\u00e7i Ulusu’nun \u00f6nemli bir \u015fekilde kurulmas\u0131, 1220’lerde Harezm devletinin fethinden sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir ve Cu\u00e7i’nin o\u011fullar\u0131 Ordu-Ejen ve Batu karde\u015fler, Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n fiili kurucular\u0131 olarak kabul edilebilir .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda, Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumundan bahsediyorsak, Batui Ulusu’nda oldu\u011fu gibi, bu da 1230’lar-1240’lar aras\u0131yd\u0131. Bat\u0131 Alanya’n\u0131n fethinin 1230’lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda zaten ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmekte fayda var : Mo\u011fol imparatorluk g\u00fc\u00e7leri Magas \u015fehrini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1239-1240’ta Nayon Bugdai Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131 i\u015fgal etti .<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1250’lerde Guillaume de Rubruck, \u00c7erkeslerin (onlara Zikhler ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti) ve Alanlar\u0131n Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan tamamen fethedilmedi\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 durum Lezginler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erliydi; Lezginlerden kast\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131yd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda, Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n yasal olarak kurulmas\u0131 1260’larda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir .<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca, 1260’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Batu Han’dan sonra Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n\u0131n, Sartak Han ve Ulah\u00e7i’den sonra h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Han Berke oldu\u011funu da belirtmekte fayda var. Berke, Derbent’i ge\u00e7erek \u015eirvan topraklar\u0131na girerek G\u00fcney Kafkasya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, G\u00fcney Kafkasya’da toprak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden Alt\u0131n Orda ile Hulagu ulusu aras\u0131ndaki ana sava\u015flar , g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 1263’te Han Berke, Terek Nehri’nde Hulagu ile sava\u015ft\u0131 ve kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1265-1266 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, o d\u00f6nemde \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olan G\u00fcrc\u00fc Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131na bir i\u015fgal ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve Hulaguiler, Kura Nehri \u00fczerinde Alt\u0131n Orda’ya kar\u015f\u0131 savunma hatt\u0131n\u0131 korudular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Yani, Kafkasya’n\u0131n ilk geli\u015fimi kuzeyden ba\u015flad\u0131, de\u011fil mi? G\u00fcneyden kuzeye de\u011fil, kuzeyden g\u00fcneye.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Kuzeyden geliyorlar, ancak buna g\u00f6re bunlar Bat\u0131 Alanya topraklar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgelerden bir\u00e7ok Aldar, Yuan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na yerle\u015ftirildi ve Do\u011fu ve Orta Asya’daki Mo\u011fol Yuan Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n hizmetine girdi.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Yani<\/strong> , Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar imparatorlu\u011fun “metropol\u00fcne” mi yerle\u015ftirildi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evet, Yuan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na hizmet etmeleri i\u00e7in oraya yerle\u015ftirildiler .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n Orda i\u00e7inde, Alanlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Dinyeper b\u00f6lgesi, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Don b\u00f6lgesi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftiklerini g\u00f6zlemleyebiliriz. Bizans filozofu ve tarih\u00e7isi George Pachymeres , Alanlar\u0131 Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n tebaas\u0131 aras\u0131nda saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda, Kuzey Kafkasya’daki Alan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun fethi 1277’de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti; o zaman Alt\u0131n Orda birlikleri ve Kuzey Do\u011fu Rusya’dan gelen m\u00fcttefik kuvvetler, kroniklerde Dedyakov olarak ge\u00e7en Czhulat \u015fehrini ele ge\u00e7irdi . Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n istilas\u0131, Alanlar\u0131 da\u011flara, Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131’na daha yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelere \u00e7ekilmeye zorlad\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 G\u00fcney Kafkasya’ya ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Kafkasya’n\u0131n fethi bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya do\u011fru ilerledi, do\u011fru mu? \u00d6nce birlikler \u00c7erkeslere, sonra da Alanya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7ti?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Tam olarak \u00f6yle de\u011fil, ancak en geli\u015fmi\u015f b\u00f6lge h\u00e2l\u00e2 Orta Kafkasya’ya daha yak\u0131ndan atfedilebilecek topraklar oldu\u011fundan, bunlar eski Kafkasya’n\u0131n topraklar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 15. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar olan d\u00f6nem, Alanlar\u0131n Osetyal\u0131lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm d\u00f6nemiydi. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Alanlar ovalarda ya\u015farken, 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Osetyal\u0131lar Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde ikamet ediyorlard\u0131. Nitekim, 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Kafkasya ovalar\u0131na ve da\u011f eteklerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131na yerle\u015fen Kabardiyal\u0131lar, Osetyal\u0131lar\u0131 kendilerine k\u0131yasla “da\u011fl\u0131lar” olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7erkesler olarak da bilinen Zikhler de da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan halklardand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– ” Peki, ovalardan bu ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti? Osetler neden ovalar\u0131 terk edip da\u011flara yerle\u015ftiler? Bu neden oldu?”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda bu d\u00f6nemde, Orta Kafkasya’daki iki modern T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n -Kara\u00e7aylar ve Balkarlar- etnojenezisi ba\u015flad\u0131. Balkarlar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Alt\u0131n Orda y\u00f6neticileri taraf\u0131ndan \u0131ss\u0131z topraklara yerle\u015ftirilen K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n soyundan gelmektedir. Bu topraklarda Alanlar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar ve onlar\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcmsediler. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Balkarlar, bir bak\u0131ma, k\u0131smen Kafkas Alanlar\u0131ndan ve k\u0131smen K\u0131p\u00e7aklardan gelen, \u00e7ift k\u00f6kenli bir halkt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131p\u00e7aklardan K\u0131p\u00e7ak dilini benimsediler. Kara\u00e7aylar ve Balkarlar\u0131n kendilerine “taulu” yani da\u011fl\u0131lar dediklerini belirtmekte fayda var ( “taulu” Kumuk dilinde da\u011f anlam\u0131na gelir – Ed.)<\/em> . Osetya tarihine bakacak olursak, da\u011flara kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7leri Hristiyanl\u0131ktan uzakla\u015fmalar\u0131na katk\u0131da bulundu. Alan topraklar\u0131nda Hristiyan piskoposluklar\u0131ndan son bahsedili\u015f 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, Alan piskoposlu\u011funun merkezi zaten Trabzon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda ( orta\u00e7a\u011f Yunan Ortodoks devleti<\/em> ) bulunuyordu; bu da Alan topraklar\u0131ndaki devlet ve kilise yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n vahim durumunu g\u00f6steriyordu. Alanya, Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131ndan ve Alt\u0131n Orda ile yap\u0131lan sava\u015flardan en \u00e7ok etkilenen b\u00f6lge oldu; bu sava\u015flar 13. ve 14. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n siyasi manzaras\u0131n\u0131 ve etnik haritas\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genel olarak, Kafkas Sava\u015flar\u0131 d\u00f6neminin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n deneyimledi\u011fi Kafkasya, 13. ila 15. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesinin ard\u0131ndan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> nas\u0131l kendini g\u00f6sterdi? Orda’n\u0131n Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi o tarihi d\u00f6nemde tam olarak neler ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair herhangi bir veri, yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynak var m\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Bu durum b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde arkeolojik bulgularla ve daha az \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklarla ortaya konmaktad\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkasya’da Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n Majara \u015fehrinin kuruldu\u011funu ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Alt\u0131n Orda devleti i\u00e7inde kilise yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturuldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemleyebiliriz.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle Katolikler, bu d\u00f6nemde Alt\u0131n Orda’da (Kafkasya’n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) kendi misyonlar\u0131n\u0131 edindiler. Alt\u0131n Orda d\u00f6neminde g\u00f6\u00e7ebeler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bozk\u0131rlara yerle\u015ftiler ve da\u011f eteklerine do\u011fru geni\u015flemeleri g\u00f6zlemlenebilir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, da\u011flar Osetler ve Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikli bir b\u00f6lge olarak kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Bu d\u00f6nemde] Ortodoks etkisinin yerini Katolik etkisinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Dargin topraklar\u0131nda bile misyonerlik faaliyetlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Neden Ortodoksluk de\u011fil de Katoliklik? Katolikli\u011fin Mo\u011follar ve Orda i\u00e7in ne gibi bir avantaj\u0131 vard\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n Orda, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Bat\u0131 Hristiyan d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla zaten temas halindeydi. 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l, \u00f6zellikle Han \u00d6zbek ve Han Canibek d\u00f6neminde Katolik etkisinin zirve noktas\u0131 olarak kabul edilebilir. Proselytizm (insanlar\u0131 ba\u015fka bir dine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme eylemi)<\/em> daha \u00f6nce Ortodokslu\u011fa mensup olanlar\u0131n topraklar\u0131nda ve \u0130slam’\u0131 kabul etmemi\u015f Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Katolik misyonerlerin \u00c7erkes topraklar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Matarha ve Kopa kasabalar\u0131nda da aktif olarak propaganda faaliyetlerinde bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek gerekir . Katolik etkisinin g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi birka\u00e7 b\u00f6lge tespit edilebilir: Taman Yar\u0131madas\u0131, Osetya topraklar\u0131, Kara\u00e7ay ve Balkar topraklar\u0131 ile Don ve Volga nehirlerinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kesimlerindeki topraklar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013<\/strong> Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131 kontrol etti\u011fi d\u00f6nemden bahsediyorsak, Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n asla boyun e\u011fdiremedi\u011fi, kontrol\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan herhangi bir s\u0131cak nokta var m\u0131yd\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda \u00c7erkesler ve Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131. Sadece daha sonra Kumuk \u015eamhalat\u0131 ve Kafkas Tyumen’i haline gelen bozk\u0131r ve da\u011f etekleri b\u00f6lgeleri fiilen Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda Han \u00d6zbek, \u00c7erkeslere kar\u015f\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, ancak onlar\u0131 boyun e\u011fdirememi\u015ftir. Bunun nedeni, \u00c7erkeslerin da\u011flarda, \u0130sko\u00e7 da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015fa benzer bir gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmeleridir. \u015eunu da belirtmek gerekir ki, \u00c7erkesler bu m\u00fccadeleden nihayetinde zaferle \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck Orda d\u00f6neminde daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ordulara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle \u00c7erkesler ovalara s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve hem g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Krasnodar B\u00f6lgesi’nde hem de \u00f6tesinde prenslikler kuruldu. Nitekim John Gallonifantibus, Zihler aras\u0131nda Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmi\u015ftir<\/a> . Ayr\u0131ca, 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki bir\u00e7ok \u0130talyan yazar\u0131n, \u0130slam’\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Zihlerin k\u0131smen Hristiyan oldu\u011funu da belirtti\u011fini hat\u0131rlatmak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kabarda da 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Nitekim Yeho\u015fafat Barbaro , o d\u00f6nemde olu\u015fmakta olan Kabarda ve di\u011fer \u00c7erkeslerin G\u00fcney Kafkasya’dan gelen i\u015fgalcilere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015f\u0131 kaydetmi\u015ftir. Bunlar daha sonra Safevi devletinin temellerini olu\u015fturacak olan halkt\u0131. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Kafkas halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in G\u00fcney Kafkasya’dan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehdit ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131n\u0131n teslim oldu\u011funu, hepsinin fethedilmedi\u011fini, sadece Kafkasya’n\u0131n kuzey kesiminin fethedildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylediniz . Peki da\u011flarda ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 boyunduruk alt\u0131na alma giri\u015fimleri nas\u0131l ilerledi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n Orda, Kafkasya sakinlerine kar\u015f\u0131 seferler d\u00fczenledi, ancak ele ge\u00e7irilen topraklarda b\u00fcy\u00fck ayaklanmalar olmad\u0131. Bunlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Da\u011f\u0131stan’daki ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler\u2014Kaytag Utsmiyate ve Hunzak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2014Alt\u0131n Orda ile \u0130hulaguid Ulusu ve daha sonra Alt\u0131n Orda ile Timuridler aras\u0131nda tampon konumlar\u0131ndan da faydaland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n Orda ile \u0130leguidler ve daha sonra Alt\u0131n Orda ile Timuridler gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndaki bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ovalarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Olaylar Alt\u0131n Orda lehine geli\u015firken, Orda’n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7leri \u015eirvan devleti b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru ilerledi. Da\u011flar\u0131n bu g\u00f6\u00e7ebeler i\u00e7in elveri\u015fsiz oldu\u011fu ve 1230’lardaki sava\u015f\u0131n aksine, da\u011f sava\u015f\u0131nda Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u00c7e\u00e7enya’da<\/strong> k\u00f6keni bu d\u00f6neme dayanan bir yerle\u015fim yeri var: Hankala. Ya da \u0130ngu\u015fetya’da<\/strong> Borga-Kash . Bu isimler bu d\u00f6nemle mi ili\u015fkili?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7e\u00e7en topraklar\u0131na gelince: bu b\u00f6lgeler Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkisi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Sim-Sim veya Sim-Sir b\u00f6lgesinden ilk bahsedili\u015fler 14. y\u00fczy\u0131la dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6zellikle Timur’un seferleriyle ilgili Fars\u00e7a Temurit kaynaklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n Orda d\u00f6neminde \u00c7e\u00e7en (Nah) devleti \u015fekillenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130slam’\u0131n \u00c7e\u00e7enya genelinde yerle\u015fmesi ise Alt\u0131n Orda’dan sonra, Nogay Ordas\u0131 ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Nogay Ordas\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Borga-Kash’a gelince, bunlar Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerine ve Alt\u0131n Orda sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere ait an\u0131tlard\u0131r. Kumuklar\u0131n geni\u015flemesiyle ili\u015fkilendirilebilirler. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kumuklar ve Kabardiyal\u0131lar, eski Alt\u0131n Orda topraklar\u0131 ve \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgeler \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuz m\u00fccadelesi vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Timur’dan (Tamerlane) bahsetmi\u015fken, sormadan edemiyorum. Aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan biri neden Kuzey Kafkasya’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor? Bunun sebebi neydi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“<\/strong> Asl\u0131nda bu, 1395-1396 sava\u015f\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sava\u015f\u0131n ana muharebesi Terek Nehri’nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Timur daha sonra Alan topraklar\u0131na ilerledi ve Alt\u0131n Orda y\u00f6neticilerini ma\u011flup etti. Ard\u0131ndan Taman Yar\u0131madas\u0131’na do\u011fru ilerleyerek<\/strong> , da\u011f eteklerinde ve ovalarda bulunan \u00c7erkes topraklar\u0131yla sava\u015ft\u0131. Timur’un etkisine gelince: Zaten zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f olan Kafkas Alanlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zay\u0131flatt\u0131.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Kafkas Alanlar\u0131 ile Orta Kafkasya’n\u0131n Vainakh n\u00fcfusu aras\u0131nda aktif bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle, gelecekteki \u0130ngu\u015flar\u0131n atalar\u0131 olan Nah halklar\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ilhak\u0131 da Alt\u0131n Orda sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Osetlerin etnojenezinin Alt\u0131n Orda sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bug\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nah halklar\u0131na gelince: [Onlar\u0131n] ovalara ilerleyi\u015fi, Alt\u0131n Orda sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde tekrar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Kabardiyal\u0131larla ittifak kurarak \u0130ngu\u015flar\u0131 da\u011flara s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Ancak daha sonra, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u0130ngu\u015flar ovalara geri d\u00f6nmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013<\/strong> Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n Kuzey Kafkasya’daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sona erdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylerken, hangi tarihsel \u00e7er\u00e7eveden bahsediyoruz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“<\/strong> Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n tarihini anlamam\u0131z gerekiyor. Devlet fiilen 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortadan kalkt\u0131. Ancak hukuken 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ve Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’nda kendini g\u00f6steren kal\u0131nt\u0131 bi\u00e7imleri 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar devam etti.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m, Kazan ve Nogaylar, \u00d6zbekler ve Kazaklara ait topraklar Alt\u0131n Orda’dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Eski Alt\u0131n Orda topraklar\u0131nda daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir devlet ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 :<\/strong> ayn\u0131 Alt\u0131n Orda hanedan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen B\u00fcy\u00fck Orda. Daha do\u011frusu, onun bir kolu olan Namangan hanedan\u0131, Han Timur Kutlug’dan geliyordu ve 1480’de Moskova \u00fczerindeki otoritesini yeniden kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fru, Moskova o d\u00f6nemde \u00f6zellikle Sibirya’daki Tyumen Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Nogaylar olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli devletlerle ittifak kurmu\u015ftu. Ve 1481’de Han Akhmad, Sibirya Tatarlar\u0131 ve Nogaylar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7 Alt\u0131n Orda b\u00f6lgesindeki bask\u0131n konum iddias\u0131, soyundan gelenler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc: \u00f6zellikle 1502’de Kiev ve \u00c7ernigov’a gelen ve Litvanya B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00fckal\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Moskova ve K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fan, ancak 1502’de K\u0131r\u0131m Tatarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lan \u015eeyh Ahmed. Asl\u0131nda, 1502-1503’ten sonra B\u00fcy\u00fck Orda’dan geriye kalan tek \u015fey, Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak bildi\u011fimiz devlettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1530’larda Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n iki eski g\u00fcc\u00fc olan Kabarda ve Nogay aras\u0131nda bir rekabetin merkeziydi. Bu devletler, T\u00fcrklerin “taht” anlam\u0131na gelen Takht Ali olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuz sahibi olmak i\u00e7in sava\u015ft\u0131lar; bu isim, Alt\u0131n Orda ba\u015fkentlerinin A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Volga’daki eski konumuna ithafen verilmi\u015fti. 1523’te K\u0131r\u0131m Han\u0131, Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Hac\u0131 Tarhan’\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011finde, “taht\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren” anlam\u0131na gelen Takht Alkhan lakab\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Alt\u0131n Orda devletinin bir atalet d\u00f6nemi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u00d6zetlemek gerekirse, Orda’n\u0131n Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgesini hi\u00e7bir zaman ele ge\u00e7iremedi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu do\u011fru mu?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013<\/strong> Genel olarak evet. Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131rsak, bu topraklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u00c7erkeslerin elinde kald\u0131. Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fu kesiminde de yerel halklar iktidar\u0131 elinde tuttu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n Orda Tatarlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca Orta Kafkasya’da da\u011flara ,<\/strong> yani eski Kafkasya topraklar\u0131na ilerleyebildiler ve bu b\u00f6lge Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n geni\u015flemesinin ana hedefi haline geldi. Bu durum, b\u00f6lgedeki etnik dengeyi de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kumikh \u015eamhalat\u0131 ve Kafkas Tyumen’i de Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n tarihinin devam\u0131 niteli\u011findeydi. \u0130lkinin de Alt\u0131n Orda’dan gelen kendi hanedan\u0131 vard\u0131. Her ikisi de, Astrahan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

___<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mairbek Vachagaev, bu Podcast’te ele al\u0131nan konular hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi edinmek isteyenler i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6neriyor:<\/em> Yaroslav Pilipchuk. Do\u011fu Avrupa’n\u0131n \u0130lk Mo\u011fol \u0130stilas\u0131 (1222). \/\/ Orta \u00c7a\u011fda Avrupa Bozk\u0131rlar\u0131: Bilimsel \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar Koleksiyonu. 2012, Cilt 10, s. 325\u2013336.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

————————————-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak: https:\/\/www.svoboda.org\/a\/nepobezhdennyy-rubezh-pochemu-zolotaya-orda-ne-smogla-zavoevatj-severnyy-kavkaz\/33286706.html , 4 Ocak 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mairbek Vachagaev Kuzey Kafkasya’da Alt\u0131n Orda’n\u0131n elinde en \u00e7ok kim zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc? B\u00f6lgeye geli\u015finden \u00f6nce durum nas\u0131ld\u0131 ve buradaki egemenli\u011fini…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":918,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-916","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arstrma"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/916","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=916"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/916\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":922,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/916\/revisions\/922"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=916"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=916"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=916"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}