{"id":797,"date":"2015-10-01T12:51:00","date_gmt":"2015-10-01T12:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=797"},"modified":"2026-10-01T12:58:04","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T12:58:04","slug":"misirda-memluk-sultanlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=797","title":{"rendered":"M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Memluk Sultanlar\u0131(*)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Havjoko\u00a0Ahmet Canbek<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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 \u201cMeml\u00fbk\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc Arap\u00e7a olub \u201csat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6le\u201d manas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Kara ve Akdeniz havzalar\u0131nda esir ticaretinin inki\u015faf etti\u011fi orta as\u0131rlarda meml\u00fbk ismi, T\u00fcrkiye yeni\u00e7erileri usulunda te\u015fkil olunmu\u015f M\u0131s\u0131r sultanlar\u0131n\u0131n hassa alay\u0131na verilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu alay\u0131 te\u015fkil eden Eyub\u00ee s\u00fclalesinin son h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Melik-es-Saleh idi. Bu ordu bilhassa mo\u011follar\u0131n esirlerinden ibaret idi. O s\u0131ralarda Mo\u011follar garba seferler icra eder ve esir pazar\u0131n\u0131 getirdikleri k\u00f6lelerle doldururlard\u0131. Meml\u00fbkler aras\u0131nda Kafkasyal\u0131lar, bilhassa \u00e7erkesler\u2014Ad\u0131geler ekseriyet te\u015fkil etmekte idiler. \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ondan bir m\u00fcddet evvel mogol dalgas\u0131 Kafkasyadan ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve onu tahrip etmi\u015fti. Rivayete g\u00f6re 1230 senesinde Melik-es-Saleh 12.000 \u00e7erkes alm\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131 meml\u00fbk korpusuna idhal etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Fakat, Melik-es-Saleh taraf\u0131ndan te\u015fkil olunan meml\u00fbk asker\u00ee te\u015fkilat\u0131 beklenilen fayday\u0131 vermedi. Bu kuvvet yaln\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fmanlar i\u00e7in de\u011fil, Eyub\u00ee s\u00fclalesinin kendisi i\u00e7in dahi tehlikeli olma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Melik-es- Salehi\u2019nin o\u011flu zaman\u0131nda meml\u00fbkler isyan yaparak sultan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler, hakimiyeti ellerine ald\u0131lar ve 16\u2019nc\u0131 asr\u0131n ba\u015flarina kadar M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 idare ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu m\u00fcddet esnas\u0131nda iki meml\u00fbk s\u00fclalesi hakimiyet s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: Bahiriler ve Borciler. Bahiriler 1250\u2019den ta 1382 ye kadar; Borciler ise 1382\u2019den 1517 senesine kadar h\u00fck\u00fcmet s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. B\u00e2z\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, Bahirilerin \u00e7erkesliklerinden \u015f\u00fcphe ediyorlar. Fakat bu s\u00fclale azas\u0131n\u0131n, bilhassa ilk h\u00fckm\u00fcdarlar\u0131n\u0131n adlar\u0131 (Aybek, Bibor, Kalaun) bu husustaki \u015f\u00fcpheleri temam\u0131yla ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131yor. Bu adlar\u0131n \u015eimal\u00ee Kafkasya\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u00f6z yoktur ve \u00e7erkeslerin kolayl\u0131kla Arapla\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na delalet eder. Bahirilerin reisi ve m\u00fcessisi Aybek idi. Ondan sonra o\u011flu Bibor, daha sonra 1290 da Kalaun tahta \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kalaun Mogollar\u0131 ve Ha\u00e7l\u0131lari ma\u011flub etmekle tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kahire\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hastahane in\u015fa eden de o dur. Umumiyetle meml\u00fbk s\u00fclaleleri azaler\u0131 ekseriyetleri itibarile m\u00fcnevver h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Onlar g\u00fczel san\u2019atler\u0131 himaye ediyordu ve h\u00e2la bile Kahire\u2019nin g\u00fczelli\u011fini te\u015fkil eden binalar\u0131 onlar in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sahada Bahiri s\u00fclalesinden en \u00e7ok \u015f\u00f6hret kazanan Kalaun\u2019un o\u011flu En-Nasir olmu\u015ftur. O \u00e2limleri ve \u015fairleri himaye ediyor, halk kitlesinin refah ve saadetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor, devletin idare makinesini \u0130slah ediyor veilh\u2026 veilh\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha 9 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken tahta oturan En-Nasir h\u0131rsl\u0131 emirler taraf\u0131ndan iki defa hal\u2019edilmi\u015f ise de \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc defa saltanat\u0131 eline alma\u011fa muvaffak olmu\u015f ve \u00fcst \u00fcste 43 y\u0131l saltanat s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. En Nasir zek\u00ee bir kumandan olmakla dahi maruftur. O, Merc-el Saffar sahras\u0131nda 100.000\u2019lik Mogol ordusunu ma\u011flub etmi\u015f ve milletin tertib etti\u011fi muazzam istikbal merasimiyle Kahire\u2019ye avdet etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n

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En-Nasirin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra M\u0131s\u0131rda saltanat kavgalar\u0131 ba\u015f vermi\u015ftir. Alt\u0131 y\u0131l zarf\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet alt\u0131 defa elden ele ge\u00e7mi\u015f, nihayet En-Nasirin o\u011flu Hasan taht\u0131 eline ge\u00e7irib 14 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcmet s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fczel mescidlerinden biri olan Kahiredeki Hasan Camii bu sultan\u0131n emriyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Diyorlar, ki sultan Hasan mescidin g\u00fczelli\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcnce, e\u015fi bir daha yap\u0131lmas\u0131n diye, mimar\u0131n elinin kesilmesini emretmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaydetmi\u015f oldu\u011fumuz gibi 1382 de Bahiri s\u00fclalesini Borciler avez etmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n da \u00e7erkes olduklar\u0131 \u015f\u00fcpheden \u00e2ridir. Bu s\u00fclaleyi kuran Sultan Barkok\u2019dur, ki zorla saltanat\u0131 i\u015fgal edib Bahiri s\u00fclalesine nihayet vermi\u015ftir.(**) Barkok 17 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olmu\u015ftur. \u00e7ok enerjik bir sultan olan Barkok, evvelki Meml\u00fbkler gibi g\u00fczel san\u2019at\u0131 ve ilmi himaye etmi\u015f, fakat ayni zamanda zalim ve m\u00fcstebid bir adam imi\u015f. Kahirenin g\u00fczel mavzoleyi onun hat\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barkok\u2019a o\u011flu Farag, ona da sonuncunun o\u011flu \u015eeyh-el-Monayad varis olmu\u015f. \u015eeyh-el-Monayad kuvvetli bir hatib, \u015fair ve musikiden anlar bir adamd\u0131. O eski hapishane yerinde g\u00fczel bir mescid diktirmi\u015ftir. Rivayete g\u00f6re o saltanat kavgalar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda vaktile bu hapishanede oturmu\u015ftur. Habishanede iken yemin etmi\u015ftir, ki kurtulup yeniden tahta oturursa bu hapishaneyi tahrib edib yerine mescid yapt\u0131racakt\u0131r. Hapishaneden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131b sultan olunca s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eeyh Monayad\u2019dan sonra o\u011flu tahta aturmu\u015f, fakat zaydan fazla h\u00fck\u00fcmet s\u00fcrmemi\u015ftir. Onu on ya\u015f\u0131ndaki o\u011flu avez etmi\u015ftir. Fakat ayni s\u00fclaleye mensub olan naib Bours bey kanun\u00ee sultan\u0131 hal\u2019ederek saltanat\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Bours bey 16 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcmet s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Onun devri M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n asker\u00ee muzaffariyet devri idi. O K\u0131br\u0131s adas\u0131n\u0131 zabt etmi\u015f ve Cengiz Han evlatlar\u0131yla \u015ferefli bir sulh muahedesi akdetmi\u015ftir, Bours Bey Yak\u0131n \u015eark\u0131n m\u00fchim bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131, Arabistan\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015f ve m\u00fchim ticaret merkezi olan Ciddeyi dahi ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Bours bey zaman\u0131nda Hindistan\u2019la ticaret son derecede inki\u015faf etmi\u015fti. Onun vefat\u0131nden sonra 30 y\u0131l zarfinda 8 sultan de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu 8 sultan\u0131n sonuncusu olan Temir bey zorla iskat edilerek yerini Kait bey i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir. Kait bey 29 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcmet s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. O m\u00fckemmel bir kumandan ve kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayni zamanda o adaletiyle maruftur. Kait bey 85 y\u0131l ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve son saatine kadar umum\u00ee h\u00fcrmet ve muhebbetle an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kahirede onun taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ve onun ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir cami vard\u0131r. Buna mukabil onun o\u011flu Mehmed kendisinden sonra eyi bir ad b\u0131rakmad\u0131. Son derecede zalim ve ayya\u015f olan bu adam herkesi kendi aleyhine isyan ettirmi\u015f ve k\u0131yam eden meml\u00fbkler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Sultan Mehmed\u2019in vefat\u0131ndan sonra M\u0131s\u0131r yeni saray ink\u0131lablar\u0131 serisi ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Alt\u0131 y\u0131l zarf\u0131nda tahta 4 sultan oturmu\u015ftur. Nihayet saltanat Kan\u015fau el-Hur\u00ee\u2019ye nasib olmu\u015f ve o 15 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcmet s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kan\u015fau dahi m\u00fcnevver h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlardan idi. O dahi kendisinden sonra Kahire\u2019de say\u0131s\u0131z g\u00fczel binalar b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve bu hususta kendisinden evvelkileri unutturmu\u015ftur. Fakat hayat\u0131 bu h\u00fckm\u00fbdar\u0131n feci bir <\/em>surette bitmi\u015ftir. O, 1516 de T\u00fcrklerle muharebede \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Onun kafas\u0131 harbi bizzat idare eden Sultan Selim\u2019e takdim edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kan\u015fau-el-Huri\u2019den sonra h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olan ve Melik el Asraf ismini alan Toman bey T\u00fcrklere mukavemet , g\u00f6sterme\u011fe \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131sa da, T\u00fcrkler yine Kahireyi zabtedebilmislerdir. Bedevilerin ihaneti netibcesinde Tom\u00e2n bey esir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcb Sultan Selim\u2019in emriyle 1517\u2019de idam edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toman beyin \u00f6lumundan sonra M\u0131s\u0131rda \u00e7erkeslerin hakimiyeti ta 1786 senesine kadar inkitaa u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve M\u0131s\u0131r kendisi de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin himayesine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat, Sultan Selim \u00e7erkesleri temam\u0131yla i\u015ften uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma\u011fa cesaret etmedi, zira onlar\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131rda n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. O M\u0131s\u0131r\u0131 24 vilayete taksim edib her birinin ba\u015f\u0131na bir \u00e7erkes meml\u00fbk koydu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18\u2019nci asr\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7erkesler M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da hakimiyeti bir daha ele ge\u00e7irme\u011fe muvaffak olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bunu yapan da Abaza kabilesinden Maraf Ali-bey idi. Ali-beyin terc\u00fcmei halini yazanlar onun 1728\u2032 de garbi Kafkasya\u2019da do\u011fdu\u011funu ve daha \u00e7ocukken esir ticareti yapanlar\u0131n eline d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kaydediyorlar. \u00e7ocu\u011fu Kahire yahudilerinden \u0130saak ile \u0130osif sat\u0131n al\u0131b meml\u00fbklerin reisi \u0130brahim Kiay\u2019a hediye etmi\u015flerdir. Ali bey 13 ya\u015f\u0131na gelince serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, fakat sahibinin himayesinden daima istifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\u0130brahim Kiay gene Ali-beyi evlendirmi\u015f ona para, emlak vermi\u015f ve vilayetlerden birinin hakimi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bundan sonra sultan Ali-bey \u015fimalde harple me\u015fgul olan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den vilayetlerini birer birer koparmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1769 de Ali-beyin askerleri Ciddeyi i\u015fgal ederek Mekke\u2019ye yakla\u015f\u0131yor, 1770 de T\u00fcrklerden Yaffay\u0131, Kamleyi ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Filistini al\u0131yor, 1771 de \u015eam\u2019a yakla\u015f\u0131yor, fakat \u015fehri m\u00fcdafaa edenler M\u0131s\u0131r ordusuna kumanda eden Ali beyin evlatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Muhammed\u2019i r\u00fc\u015fvet mukabilinde kazanabildikleri i\u00e7in, \u015eam al\u0131nam\u0131yor. Ali bey 1772 de Tarablus\u2019u M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ilhak ederek oradaki T\u00fcrk askerlerini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat bu zeki ve cesur h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n hayat\u0131 feci surette hitama ermi\u015ftir. 1773 de, o\u011fullu\u011fu Muhammed\u2019le aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan kavgada katledilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napoleon\u2019un M\u0131s\u0131r seferi meml\u00fbklere tamiri gayri kabil darbe vurmu\u015f oldu. Fakat onlar\u0131n tamam\u0131yla imha edilmesi 1811 de vaki oluyordu. O y\u0131l sultan\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki naibi say\u0131lan Mehmet-Ali 470 ki\u015fiden ibaret meml\u00fbk reislerini evine davet ederek \u00f6ld\u00fcrtm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. O g\u00fcnden itibaren M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n tarih sahnesinden meml\u00fbkler tamam\u0131yla \u00e7ekilmi\u015f oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

_______________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(*)<\/strong>   Bu makale \u201cNa\u015fa Tsel (Bizim Dilek), No: 5, Ocak 1937, War\u015fova\u201d<\/em>dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(**)<\/strong> B\u00e2z\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler bu s\u00fclalenin \u00e7erkes oldu\u011funu kabul etmekle beraber s\u00fclale isminin \u201cborg\u201d- \u201ckapu\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyorlar. Zira Borcilerin ecdade sultan Kalaun zaman\u0131nda kal\u2019e kapular\u0131na bakarm\u0131\u015flar. Bizce s\u00fclalenin ad\u0131 onun m\u00fcessisinden dahi al\u0131nabilir. Ve Barkok bil\u00e2here Arabca bir \u015fekil alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Barkok (Barkuk, Berkuh) \u00e7erkes ismidir. Bu isimden Ad\u0131gece soyad\u0131 olan \u201cBerkuh\u201d \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Havjoko\u00a0Ahmet Canbek  \u201cMeml\u00fbk\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc Arap\u00e7a olub \u201csat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6le\u201d manas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Kara ve Akdeniz havzalar\u0131nda esir ticaretinin inki\u015faf etti\u011fi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":802,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-797","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arstrma"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/797","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=797"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/797\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":806,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/797\/revisions\/806"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/802"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=797"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=797"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=797"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}