{"id":789,"date":"2019-10-01T12:33:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-01T12:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=789"},"modified":"2026-10-01T12:36:23","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T12:36:23","slug":"kirim-savasi-sonrasi-samsunda-goc-ve-gocmen-sorunu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=789","title":{"rendered":"K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 Sonras\u0131 Samsun\u2019da G\u00f6\u00e7 ve G\u00f6\u00e7men sorunu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><u>\u0130brahim SERBESTO\u011eLU<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n veya gruplar\u0131n, bir \u00fclkelerde ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede, bir yerle\u015fim yerinden ba\u015fka bir yerle\u015fim yerine, ge\u00e7ici veya s\u00fcrekli ya\u015famak amac\u0131yla gitmesine g\u00f6\u00e7 denir. Tarih boyunca insanlar\u0131n ekonomik, toplumsal ve siyasal sebeplerden dolay\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7leri artt\u0131. Sanayile\u015fme, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve milli devlet-milli k\u00fclt\u00fcr bilincinin zirveye ula\u015fmas\u0131 XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her taraf\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketlerine rastlamaktay\u0131z. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7leri, ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan k\u0131talararas\u0131, \u00fclkeleraras\u0131 ve \u015fehirleraras\u0131 yap\u0131lan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerin g\u00f6\u00e7leri ve topraklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgal edilmesi sonucunda maddi ve manevi bask\u0131lara dayanamayan insanlar\u0131n zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7ler olarak grupland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Rusya, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkasya\u2019da ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 bask\u0131, \u015fiddet ve propaganda yoluyla H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rma, Rusla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, \u0130slav \u0130ttihad\u0131 Cemiyeti M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n elindeki verimli arazileri alarak, buralara Rus, Alman, Rum ve Bulgar g\u00f6\u00e7menleri yerle\u015ftirmi\u015f2; M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk ise Kerson, Poltova, Orlov, Kursk ve Kuban gibi i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00f6\u00e7meye zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkasya\u2019da ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara Ruslarca dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bask\u0131lar yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Ruslar, i\u015fgal ettikleri gruplardaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve putperest halka y\u00f6nelik H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k propagandas\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r4. Bu d\u00fczenli Ruslar, n\u00fcfusa kay\u0131t s\u0131ras\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na Ortodoks olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcn yerlerde bask\u0131 yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e7ocuklara, Rus k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hakimi oldu\u011fu okullarda okuma yaparak, Rus\u00e7ay\u0131 ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011fi bask\u0131larla yok edilirken, Ortodoks misyonerlerin daha etkin kullan\u0131ma sunulmas\u0131na izin verilmemektedir5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ruslar\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer bir bask\u0131 da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan a\u011f\u0131r vergi toplama ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara y\u00fckleme. \u00e7e\u015fitli maddi kay\u0131plar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda geriye kalanlardan vergi tahsil edilmekte, vergisini veremeyecek durumda olanlar\u0131n mal\u0131na-m\u00fclk\u00fcne el konulmaktayd\u0131. Yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm adaletsizliklerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sessiz kalmak ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131. \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131 gelmek yaln\u0131z kar\u015f\u0131 gelenin cezas\u0131yla bitmiyor, toplu s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlere ve idamlara neden olabiliyor6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ruslar\u0131n, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkaslardaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklara yap\u0131lan bask\u0131lar\u0131n sonucunda halk, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Ruslar, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkasya\u2019da ekonomik kay\u0131plara u\u011framak i\u00e7in Canik gibi Karadeniz\u2019e \u00e7evre sancak ve eyaletlerde ya\u015fayan Rum ve Ermenileri Kafkasya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7e te\u015fvik etti. Ancak Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden bu gayrim\u00fcslimler beklediler huzur ve refah\u0131 Ruslarca isk\u00e2n edildikleri yerde bulamay\u0131nca geri d\u00f6nmek zorunda kald\u0131lar7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu kullan\u0131m amac\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ge\u00e7ici isk\u00e2n m\u0131nt\u0131kalar\u0131ndan biri olan Samsun\u2019daki ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 ve daimi isk\u00e2n b\u00f6lgelerine gidi\u015flerini, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara sunulan yeni ar\u015fiv tasnifleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkas G\u00f6\u00e7menlerinin Yolculu\u011fu<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ruslar, K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda K\u0131r\u0131m Tatarlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcttefik devletlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle su\u00e7luyordu ve onlara farkl\u0131 bask\u0131lar uyguluyor8. Bunun \u00fczerine G\u00f6zleve\u2019deki T\u00fcrk kuvvetleri komutan\u0131 14 Nisan 1856\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019dan b\u00f6lgesel g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc i\u00e7in izin talebinde bulunuldu9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kafkasya\u2019da ise Ruslar, K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fanan yenilginin ezikli\u011fini bast\u0131rmak istercesine b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle harekete ge\u00e7ti. B\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00f6yleri Ruslarca yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Sohumkale\u2019deki \u0130ngiliz konsolosu Dikson\u2019a g\u00f6re \u201cRuslar taraf\u0131ndan, yerlinin hi\u00e7bir yerinde izin verilmedi\u201d10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1861 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 ziyaret eden Rus \u00e7ar\u0131 II. Alexander, i\u015fgalden vazge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in bir heyete: \u201cYa g\u00f6sterilecek ya da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeyecek.\u201d geldi11. 1864\u2019te ise M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar\u0131n bir ay i\u00e7inde Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 terk etmelerini istedi. Terk etmeyenlere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f esiri tedavisini yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u013112.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rus \u00e7ar\u0131n\u0131n talimat\u0131 zaten ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc daha da h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. deniz yolunu tercih etmeyen g\u00f6\u00e7menler i\u00e7in yeterli ula\u015f\u0131m arac\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ula\u015f\u0131m fiyatlar\u0131 da y\u00fcksekti. Ula\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in Fevaid-i Osmaniye, Tersane-i Amire, Tuna Kumpanyas\u0131, Bursa \u015eirketi ve Rus kumpanyas\u0131na ait vapurlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrklere ait eski bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 tekneleri de kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Rus organizasyonuna g\u00f6re \u00e7erkezler, T\u00fcrk tekne sahipleriyle do\u011frudan sat\u0131\u015f yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Tekne, tekne sahiplerinin tonajlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde insan teknesi t\u0131ka basa dolmaya ba\u015flay\u0131p Karadeniz\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Bu da deniz kazalar\u0131na davetiyeler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yordu13. Pek \u00e7ok g\u00f6\u00e7men yolculuk \u00f6ncesinde bekleme kamplar\u0131nda hastalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u0131\u015f mevsiminde yolculuklar s\u0131ras\u0131nda da a\u00e7\u0131k ve \u00e7\u0131plak durumdalard\u0131 ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k durumda seyahat ettikleri i\u00e7in bitkin d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdi. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin pek \u00e7ok ya yolculuklar\u0131 boyunca \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ya da hastal\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onun gemiden 5-10 \u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131yordu14. T\u00fcm bu zorluklar i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan deniz yolculu\u011fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda veya Osmanl\u0131 limanlar\u0131na vard\u0131ktan sonra tahminen 500.000 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir15. Bununla birlikte sa\u011f kalanlardan hasta olan g\u00f6\u00e7men Samsun iskelesine ula\u015f\u0131rken, Karadeniz sahillerine pek \u00e7ok ceset vuruluyordu16. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rus el\u00e7isi \u0130gnatiyef Petersburg\u2019a rastlanan bir raporda \u201cD\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131m\u0131z mahvoluyor\u201d, g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yolculuklar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fum ve vahim durumu \u00f6zetleniyordu17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uzun ve aral\u0131kl\u0131 yolculuklar\u0131n sonucunda y\u00fczbinlerce K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkasyal\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Trabzon\u2019a gelmeden \u00f6nce do\u011frudan Samsun\u2019a ula\u015fan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yan\u0131nda, ard\u0131ndan daimi isk\u00e2n b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6nderilmek \u00fczere Samsun\u2019a sevk edilen g\u00f6\u00e7menlere rastlan\u0131yordu18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7e\u015fitli yerlerdeki Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ula\u015fan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin say\u0131s\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artmaktayd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, onun ne kadar Ruslarla g\u00f6\u00e7ler tuttu\u011fu antla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015fsa da bu boyutlarda bir g\u00f6\u00e7 hadisesini istemeyi, hatta beklemiyordu19. Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar anavatanlar\u0131nda kalmalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeydi. Ancak Ruslar\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yo\u011fun bask\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7lerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc alamam\u0131\u015f ve g\u00f6\u00e7menleri kabul etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Petersburg\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz sefiri Lord Napier, Ruslar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 zorla g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirdi\u011fini ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7menleri kabul etme zorunlulu\u011funu ifade ediyordu20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Samsun\u2019daki Ya\u015fam Ko\u015fullar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.1. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Samsun\u2019da Ge\u00e7ici \u0130sk\u00e2n\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Samsun\u2019a gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menler Canik sanca\u011f\u013121 dahilindeki kasaba ve k\u00f6ylerde, g\u00f6\u00e7men kamplar\u0131nda ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda isk\u00e2n olunmaktayd\u0131. Kaza an\u0131nda ve k\u00f6ylerde isk\u00e2n olunanlar\u0131n hepsi daimi stat\u00fcde isk\u00e2n edilen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerden mevcuttu. Bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 gere\u011fi daimi isk\u00e2n yerlerine g\u00f6nderilmeyi bekleyen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerdi. \u00d6rnek Ekim-Kas\u0131m 1860 ile 16 \u015eubat 1861 aras\u0131nda Samsun\u2019a gelen 3.010 g\u00f6\u00e7menden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Canik Sanca\u011f\u0131 dahilinde isk\u00e2n edilirken; kalanlar, ge\u00e7ici olarak Amasya Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019na ve Rumeli\u2019ye sevkedilmek \u00fczere \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6nderildiler22. Bununla birlikte Ak\u00e7ay, Terme ve Havza\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6ylerine muhtelif tarihlerde g\u00f6\u00e7men yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7menler, \u00e7ar\u015fambalar\u0131nda isk\u00e2n olunmak \u00fczere \u00f6nceleri kay\u0131klarla naklediliyordu. Ancak g\u00f6\u00e7men ta\u015f\u0131yan baz\u0131 kay\u0131klar\u0131n batmas\u0131 \u00fczerine karayolunda devam edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. \u00c7ar\u015famba\u2019da Kumluk mevkiinde g\u00f6\u00e7menler i\u00e7in yerle\u015ftirilen \u00f6nemli bir sorun, arazilerin t\u0131kanmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu nedenle g\u00f6\u00e7menler aras\u0131nda hastal\u0131k ve \u00f6l\u00fcm vakalar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmette devam ederken, \u00e7ar\u015famba b\u00f6lgesindeki g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin uygun yerde bulununcaya kadar Kavak\u2019ta ge\u00e7ici olarak isk\u00e2n edilmelerini sa\u011fland\u0131. Kavak\u2019ta ge\u00e7ici isk\u00e2nl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7men kabilelerin reislerine miza\u00e7lar\u0131na uygun bo\u015f arazi bulma talimat\u0131 verilince, onlarda bir tak\u0131m zorluklardan sonra Ladik\u2019te Akp\u0131nar da\u011f\u0131n\u0131n eteklerine yerle\u015fmi\u015fler24. Ancak bu g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin isk\u00e2n\u0131nda devlete ait bo\u015f arazileri tapusuz olarak kullanan ki\u015filerin muhalefetiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu ki\u015filerin siyasi birikimlerini kullanarak g\u00f6\u00e7men isk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 geciktirdikleri g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle kaza ve k\u00f6ylere yerle\u015ftirilemeyenler; K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7dede, Kurupelit, Derek\u00f6y, Derbend ve Kumca\u011f\u0131z\u2019daki g\u00f6\u00e7men kamplar\u0131na kaydolanlar25. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin sefaletten kurtulup, uygun yerle\u015ftirmeleri i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgedeki \u00f6nde gelen hanedan veya ki\u015filer de arazide ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamaktayd\u0131lar. \u00d6rne\u011fin Hazinedarzade Said Bey taraf\u0131ndan K\u0131z\u0131lkorulu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7men olarak sakland\u013126.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samsun\u2019a gelen g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131 o kadar fazlayd\u0131 ki K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7dede Derg\u00e2h\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kumsaldan \u00e7ar\u015famba b\u00f6lgesindeki Kabakum mevkiine kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 80.000 g\u00f6\u00e7men a\u00e7\u0131kta toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u013127. Daha sonra gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menler Giresun, \u00fcnye ve Sinop iskelelerine y\u00f6nlendirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131ysa da bundan olumlu sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ge\u00e7ici olarak farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde isk\u00e2n edilen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin durumu genellikle mal sand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahali taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yordu28. Bununla birlikte, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Aral\u0131k 1863\u2019te g\u00f6\u00e7menlere yard\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ilanlar yay\u0131nland\u013129. \u0130l\u00e2n sonras\u0131nda Tekfurda\u011f\u0131, Gelibolu, Kastamonu ve \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 sancaklar\u0131ndan Samsun\u2019daki g\u00f6\u00e7menlere ayn\u00ee ve nakd\u00ee yard\u0131mlar g\u00f6nderildi30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.2. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Bar\u0131nma Sorunu<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin bar\u0131nma sorunu g\u00f6\u00e7menlerde bulunan idari birimlerin m\u00fclk\u00ee emirlerine verilen talimat imzalanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Talimatta g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin birer iki\u015fer hane olmak \u00fczere k\u00f6y ve kasabalara da\u011f\u0131t\u0131larak masraflar\u0131n yerli ahali taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca miri ve metruk arazi ile sahipsiz hanelere g\u00f6\u00e7menler yerle\u015ftirilecek, tamir i\u015flerinde yerli ahalinin deste\u011fi sa\u011flanacakt\u0131. Bununla birlikte, g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ortak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve i\u015f yapmalar\u0131 veya g\u00f6\u00e7menlere yard\u0131m i\u00e7in haz\u0131r bulunmalar\u0131 bekleniyor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7menler m\u00fcnferiden isk\u00e2n edilmelerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak, kabile olarak bir arada isk\u00e2n olmak istiyorlard\u0131. Bu yatay y\u00f6nde h\u00fck\u00fcmet, miri ve metruk araziler \u00fczerine her biri 250 kuru\u015fu ge\u00e7meyecek \u015fekilde otuzar k\u0131rkar hane yap\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verdi. Hanelerin k\u0131rsal arazisinin suyu ve havas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin uyumu sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi \u00f6zelliklerde \u00fccretsiz31. Masraflar \u00f6ncelikle kaza insanlardan toplanacak iane ile kar\u015f\u0131lanacakt\u0131. E\u011fer halktan yard\u0131mlar yeterli olmazsa a\u00e7\u0131k hazine kapat\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7menler i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan evlerde dikkat edilecek bir husus da evin ebniye nizamnamesine uygun yap\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, Canik mutasarr\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nizamnamenin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fina dikkat etmesi i\u00e7in uyarm\u0131\u015ft\u013132. Ancak Mert Irma\u011f\u0131 civar\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6\u00e7menlere ev yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in tahsis edilen Kumluk mevkiine arsa m\u00fclkiyeti ve bina ruhsat\u0131 olmadan 54 tane kul\u00fcbe \u015feklinde ka\u00e7ak ev yap\u0131ld\u013133. Otuz y\u0131l boyunca y\u0131k\u0131lmayan bu ka\u00e7ak evler, II. Me\u015frutiyetin il\u00e2n\u0131 ile \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan imar aff\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca lisansl\u0131 tezkeresi harc\u0131 olarak yasal hale getirildi34.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahali g\u00f6\u00e7menlere yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakla birlikte, s\u00fcrekli olarak ekonomik y\u00fck\u00fcn artmas\u0131, tapusuz tercih edilmeleri orman ve meralar\u0131n ellerinden al\u0131n\u0131p g\u00f6\u00e7menlere verilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00e7evrelerinde g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin isk\u00e2n\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan \u00e7ekinmeleri bu kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fa etkendi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, gelen \u015fikayetler \u00fczerine mahalli y\u00f6neticilerden bu t\u00fcr sorunlar\u0131 k\u0131rma \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermelerini istedi35.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.3. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Sorunlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yar\u0131ya yak\u0131n karahummas\u0131, tif\u00fcs ve \u00e7i\u00e7ek gibi yayg\u0131n olarak yakalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hastalarla ilgilenenlere sirayet edildiklerinden Samsun\u2019da halk ve g\u00f6revliler ebeveynlerinden yakalanmaktan korkuyorlard\u0131. Mekteb-i Fun\u00fbn-i T\u0131bbiye\u2019den doktor istenmesine ra\u011fmen bir doktora 4\u20135 bin hasta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden ve hastal\u0131k kapma korkusundan b\u00f6lgeden ayr\u0131lmaya kimse yoktu36. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, 1864\u2019\u00fcn Ocak ay\u0131ndaki doktor talebine ancak A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Mahmud Yusuf Efendi\u2019nin g\u00f6revlendirilmesiyle cevap verebildi37. Doktorun karantinaya al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Samsun\u2019da karantina tabibi de vefat etti. Samsun karantinas\u0131 i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmet, 1.000 kuru\u015f olan karantina doktoru maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ancak 2.000 kuru\u015f \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda doktor bulabildi38. Karantina dinlenmenin yoklu\u011funda bir k\u0131sm\u0131 hasta g\u00f6\u00e7men Samsun\u2019dan posta vapurlar\u0131yla \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6nderilip, Haydarpa\u015fa\u2019da karantinaya al\u0131nd\u013139. T\u00fcm \u00e7abalara 19 May\u0131s 1864 g\u00fcn\u00fc Trabzon\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz konsolosunun raporuna g\u00f6re, Samsun\u2019a yakla\u015f\u0131k 40.000 ki\u015fi indirilmi\u015f ve 48 saat i\u00e7inde 500 kadar g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr40.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May\u0131s 1864\u2019ten \u015eubat 1865\u2019e kadar Samsun\u2019daki \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 11.774\u2019t\u00fcr. Samsun\u2019un 1864 A\u011fustosunda g\u00fcnde ortalama 15\u201316 ki\u015fi vefat ederken, sonraki tarihlerde bu say\u0131 2-|3\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kurupelit\u2019te 30\u201340, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7dede ve Terme\u2019de 45\u201350, \u00e7ar\u015famba\u2019da da bu say\u0131 55 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samsun\u2019da doktorlar\u0131n sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hastalar\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131n\u0131n birinci nedeni olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebildi\u011fi belirtiliyor. \u00d6l\u00fcmlerin di\u011fer bir nedeni Samsun\u2019da isk\u00e2n i\u00e7in yeterli arazi yoklu\u011fundan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin yerle\u015ftirilmesidir42.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00fck\u00fcmet, daha sonra g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin sa\u011fl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fine y\u00f6nelik bir hastane, \u00e7ift\u00e7iler a\u015f\u0131 yapmak ve g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in memur olarak g\u00f6revlendirildi43. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, 1867 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Abaza kabilelerinin daha \u00f6nce geldi\u011fi Trabzon, Canik ve Sinop\u2019a \u0130stanbul\u2019daki hastanelerden birer doktor g\u00f6ndererek tedbiri \u00f6nceden almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bu doktorlar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan daha uygun se\u00e7enekleri \u00f6zellikle belirtti44.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.4. G\u00f6\u00e7menlere \u0130a\u015fe ve Giyecek Yard\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samsun\u2019a gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00e7o\u011fu a\u00e7 ve \u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u00e7\u0131plak olup \u00fczerlerinde setr-i avret edecek elbiseleri dahi yoktu45. A\u00e7l\u0131ktan d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7menler aras\u0131nda so\u011fuklara dayanamay\u0131p \u00f6lenler oldu. Bunun \u00fczerine askeri depolardaki eski asker k\u0131yafetleri Samsun\u2019a g\u00f6nderilerek g\u00f6\u00e7menlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Tophane dairelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar da yeni elbiseler yapt\u0131r\u0131p Canik ve Amasya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdiler46. Samsun yerli ahalisinden yard\u0131mlarla g\u00f6mlek ve h\u0131rka temin edilerek g\u00f6\u00e7menlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u013147.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ge\u00e7i\u015f meselesine gelinceye kadar 1865 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u00e7in y\u00fczer dirhemden ortalama 12.000 k\u0131yye ekmek pi\u015firiliyordu. Yerli ahalinin ekmek t\u00fcketiminin g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alma s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekilmemesi i\u00e7in Amasya ve \u00e7evre kazalar\u0131ndan ekmek t\u00fcketiminin kar\u015f\u0131lanma yoluna da gidiliyordu48. Ancak g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fanan art\u0131\u015fla ekmek art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n paralellik g\u00f6stermemesi, memurlar\u0131n sorumsuzca durmas\u013149 ve baz\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcmleri ile yakalanma korkusuyla yanmalar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmalar\u0131 sonu\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir tak\u0131m\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u013150. 1864\u2019te ya\u015fanan durum \u0130talyan Doktor Barozzi, \u201c\u0130nsanlar uzun s\u00fcre bitkiler, bitkisel bitkiler ve ekmek k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla yetindiler.\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle ifade etmektedir51.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130a\u015fe tedarikinde ya\u015fanan sorunlardan biri de ekme\u011fin gramaj\u0131n\u0131n eksik olmas\u0131yd\u0131. F\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131lar, \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcnde bir kaza meclisine \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131p, ekme\u011fin gramaj\u0131 ve pi\u015fkinli\u011fi konusunda uyar\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Buna Kumca\u011f\u0131z mevkiindeki g\u00f6\u00e7menler i\u00e7in ekmek \u00fcreten Bafral\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n ekmekleri eksik gramajl\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u013152. Bu konuda art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, yolsuzluk yapanlara para cezas\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1865 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan talimatnamede ekmek \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 sorununa da de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Ekmek ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kaza meclislerinden bir k\u00e2tip ile g\u00f6\u00e7menlerden hoca veya ihtiyarlarca \u00f6nce g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin say\u0131s\u0131 tespit edilecek, daha sonra olgunla\u015fana kadar olanlara y\u00fcz dirhem, yukar\u0131s\u0131na da yar\u0131m\u015far k\u0131yye ekmek verilecekti. F\u0131r\u0131nlara yap\u0131lan \u00f6demelerin liste ayl\u0131k olarak tanzim edilmesi \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Muhacirin Komisyonu\u2019na g\u00f6nderilecekti53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin beklenenin \u00fczerinde olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 1865 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki talimatnamenin aktiflerine g\u00f6re daimi isk\u00e2n tarihi itibariyle \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015f olanlar \u00f6\u015f\u00fcr vergisi \u00f6demesi. Al\u0131nan bu vergi daha sonra gelen ve ge\u00e7ici olarak isk\u00e2n edilen g\u00f6\u00e7menlere ekmeklik ve tohumluk ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere verilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samsun\u2019a gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fi d\u00f6nemde d\u00fczenli olarak s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve s\u0131cakl\u0131klara y\u00f6nelik bir tak\u0131m devam ediyordu. Bu ba\u011flamda 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda Canik mutasarr\u0131fl\u0131kca liva meclis azas\u0131 Numan A\u011fa g\u00f6\u00e7menlere y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar h\u00fck\u00fcmette g\u00f6revlendirildiyse, bu g\u00f6revlendirmeyi uygun bulmay\u0131p merkezden g\u00f6revlendirmeler yapt\u0131. 1861\u2019de Binba\u015f\u0131 Davud Efendi, 1863\u2019te Salih Bey, 1864\u2019te Yaver Efendi Canik sanca\u011f\u0131ndaki vatanda\u015fl\u0131k i\u015flerinde g\u00f6revli memurlard\u013154. \u0130sk\u00e2n memurlar\u0131n\u0131n suiistimalleri s\u00fcresince yabanc\u0131lara verilen arazilerin, 1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda muhacirinnda talimatla belirtilen miktarda fazla veya eksik s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler i\u00e7in Anadolu d\u00f6rt b\u00f6lgeden ayr\u0131l\u0131p, ona b\u00f6lgeye yeni memurlar g\u00f6nderildi. Bu meyanda Trabzon sanca\u011f\u0131, Canik Sanca\u011f\u0131 ve Lazistan sanca\u011f\u0131ndan sorumlu olarak Besim Efendi Trabzon vilayetine g\u00f6nderildi. Besim Efendi, vilayet evinde ikamet edecek; Ancak gerek g\u00f6rmese kaza ve ya\u015famlar\u0131 dola\u015facakt\u013155.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.5. G\u00f6\u00e7menler ve Samsun\u2019da Asayi\u015f<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samsun\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7men geli\u015fiyle birlikte bir tak\u0131mla ilgili sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130lk olarak isk\u00e2n olunacaklar\u0131 mahalleye gitmek istemeyen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerle isk\u00e2n olunduklar\u0131 halde bulunduklar\u0131 arazileri terk edip Samsun\u2019a gelenler sokaklarda ba\u015f\u0131bozuk bir halde gezdiler. Par\u00e7alardan birka\u00e7\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131. Oysa isk\u00e2nl\u0131 olunan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Osmanl\u0131 tabiiyetine ge\u00e7tikleri i\u00e7in kadim Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 gibi kanunlara uymalar\u0131 gerekmiyordu. Kabile \u015feklinde ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 seyri da devam ettiren g\u00f6\u00e7menler, vatan-\u0131 asliyelerine d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerini belirten m\u00fcrur tezkeresi ne olursa olsun, Sivas ve Konya gibi eyaletlerden Samsun\u2019a kadar gelebiliyorlard\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet ise Anadolu\u2019da isk\u00e2n edilen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yerlerine izinsiz terk etmelerine m\u00e2ni olunmas\u0131n\u0131, gerekirse tevkif edilirse uygun mahallere isk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131n talimat talimat\u0131n\u0131 veriyordu56. Talimata binaen isk\u00e2n yerlerini terk etmi\u015f olan g\u00f6\u00e7menler, misafir olarak bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6ye ve uygun mahallere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131lar. Ancak bu sorunlar dahi sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmedi. Bu defa da g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yerli halk\u0131n mal\u0131na-m\u00fclk\u00fcne musallat olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Asayi\u015fin sa\u011flanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Samsun\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k 25.000 ki\u015fi, \u00f6k\u00fcz veya davar g\u00f6\u00e7menlerce \u00e7al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r57. Durumdan \u015fikayet\u00e7i olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk yerel memurlara ba\u015fvururken, Ermenilerin de Bat\u0131l\u0131 konsoloslara ba\u015fvurduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin silah ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 da asayi\u015f bozuklu\u011funa yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu. Silah\u0131n neredeyse \u00e7erkez g\u00f6\u00e7menlerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Hicri 1286 tarihli Trabzon vilayet salnamesi, \u00e7ar\u015famba kazas\u0131ndaki \u00e7erkez g\u00f6\u00e7menlerinin alt\u0131 defa patlar tabanca ve t\u00fcfenk ve kama yap\u0131p, Samsun ve denizde sat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir59. Silah ta\u015f\u0131yan g\u00f6\u00e7menler, silah ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 i\u00e7in bedelsiz ikaz edilmi\u015fler; Ancak bundan vazge\u00e7mekten vazge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda Samsun\u2019daki asayi\u015fin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 H\u00fcseyin A\u011fa\u2019n\u0131n nezaretinde 20 zab\u0131ta ile \u00fc\u00e7 tefti\u015f zabitini durumu tahkik etmek ve g\u00f6\u00e7menleri kontrol merkezinde almak i\u00e7in Samsun\u2019a g\u00f6nderildi60. Ayr\u0131ca yap\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nceden ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olup bitirilememi\u015f k\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00f6denerek ayr\u0131larak hemen bitirilmesi ve IV. Ordu\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 buraya bir veya iki b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da asayi\u015finin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinde etkili olabilece\u011fi \u00fczerinde fikir beyan\u0131 sunuldu61. Hatta su\u00e7lar\u0131 sabit olanlar\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 g\u00f6revi de IV. Ordu\u2019ya verildi. 1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc nedeniyle Trabzon\u2019a g\u00f6nderilen Besim Efendi\u2019ye kabile reislerini kanunlara ve silah ta\u015f\u0131ma yasa\u011f\u0131na uymalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ikaz etme g\u00f6revi de verildi62.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7erkez g\u00f6\u00e7menlerinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015flerden biri de kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk ticaretiydi. \u00d6rnek olarak \u0130stanbul\u2019da bir t\u00fcccardan saklanan be\u015f \u00e7ocukta saklanan \u00e7ar\u015famba\u2019da, Samsun\u2019da, birinin de Trabzon\u2019da oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bu ki\u015fi yedi ya\u015f\u0131nda, biri dokuz ya\u015f\u0131nda olup amca, amcao\u011flu ya da karde\u015fi gibi yak\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 2.750-3400 kuru\u015f aras\u0131nda sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r63. 1865 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sadrazam, \u00e7erkezlerin bulundu\u011fu yerlerin valilerini bu konuda \u00f6nlem almalar\u0131 i\u00e7in uyarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak soruna hi\u00e7bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirilmemi\u015ftir64.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Daimi \u0130sk\u00e2n Yerlerine Nakledilmeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ge\u00e7ici olarak Samsun\u2019da bulunan g\u00f6\u00e7menler, k\u0131\u015f mevsiminde bitiminde genellikle Ankara, Sivas, Konya, Erzurum, \u0130zmid ve Amasya\u2019ya sevk edilirken az da olsa Rumeli\u2019ye de g\u00f6nderilmi\u015flerdir. \u0130sk\u00e2n b\u00f6lgelerine sevk edilen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ellerinde varsa pasaportlar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131yor65 ve isimlerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir deftere kaydolunup g\u00f6\u00e7men oldu\u011fu komisyonuna g\u00f6nderiliyordu66.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Samsun\u2019dan daimi isk\u00e2n\u0131na kadar gidecekleri yolculukta rahatlar\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek amac\u0131yla kendilerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in hayvan tedarik ediliyor; dillerinde anlamad\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u00fclkede, yolu bilmedikleri topraklara giden g\u00f6\u00e7menlere, \u00f6rne\u011fin mihmandarlar da bulunuyorlard\u013167. Ayr\u0131ca yolculuk s\u00fcresince ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 15 ya\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcklere iki kuru\u015f, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklere ise bir kuru\u015f yevmiye verilmi\u015fti68. Sevk\u0131yat s\u0131ras\u0131nda, kendisi gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahali g\u00f6\u00e7menlere yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6zellikle ahali Samsun-Amasya aras\u0131nda nakliye i\u015fleri belirli bir \u00fccret bedeli bedelleri halinde, belge i\u00e7inde yer alan ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131dan ve muhacirlerin durumundan dolay\u0131 sonradan \u00fccret talebinden vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir69.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130sk\u00e2n edilecekleri b\u00f6l\u00fcmler g\u00f6nderilecek olan g\u00f6\u00e7menler, zaman zaman isk\u00e2n yerlerini be\u011fenip ellerindeki isk\u00e2n olunacaklar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirerek pusulalar\u0131 yok edip, arzu ettikleri y\u00f6nler, ku\u015fak olarak topluca isk\u00e2n edilebilecekleri arazi talep ediyorlard\u013170. Bu t\u00fcr taleplerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc de genellikle kabile reislerinin bizzat \u0130stanbul\u2019a gidip gelmesi, muhacirlerin komisyonu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri sa\u011flan\u0131yordu71. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan karar genellikle yerli ahaliye zarar vermedik\u00e7e, g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin istekleri isk\u00e2n edilme \u015feklinde sonu\u00e7lan\u0131yordu72.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Samsun\u2019da i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc hareket hareketi ya\u015fanmaktayd\u0131. K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkasya\u2019dan Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bask\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalanlar ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk ederek Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden binlerce gayri m\u00fcslim tebaa bu g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketlerini olu\u015fturur. Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeyen gayrim\u00fcslim Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n genellikle i\u015fsiz taifesindendi. Bunlar Rusya\u2019da tutulanlar\u0131 s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde arad\u0131klar\u0131 rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulamay\u0131nca Osmanl\u0131 oranlar\u0131n\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, eski topraklar\u0131na kaydolurlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samsun\u2019a gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6\u00e7menler ise genellikle ge\u00e7ici olarak kazalarda, k\u00f6ylerde veya g\u00f6\u00e7men kamplar\u0131nda isk\u00e2n ediliyorlard\u0131. Ge\u00e7ici isk\u00e2nlar\u0131 s\u00fcresinde g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin sa\u011fl\u0131k, ia\u015fe, bar\u0131nma ve giyecek i\u015flemlerinin esaslar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle yerli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahalinin hizmetlerinden kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Bununla birlikte, zaman zaman yerli halk\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n zedelenmesi, olas\u0131 bula\u015fma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin agresif olabilece\u011fi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yerli halk ile g\u00f6\u00e7menler aras\u0131nda sorunlar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkas g\u00f6\u00e7menlerinin Samsun\u2019da \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 ve kurakl\u0131klar\u0131n kurutulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olumlu katk\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda b\u00f6lgesel yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015flerin de yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131nda olumsuz rolleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130nsan ticareti, ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, ka\u00e7ak yap\u0131la\u015fma bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmetleri, \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabiliyorsa da yerel y\u00f6netimlerin ihmali nedeniyle ka\u00e7ak yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n al\u0131namam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, bu sorun ancak II. Me\u015frutiyetin il\u00e2n\u0131 gere\u011fi olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f imar aff\u0131 ile s\u00f6zde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilmi\u015ftir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><u>Kaynak\u00e7a<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2013 Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Sadaret Tasnifi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sadaret M\u00fchimme Kalemi Evrak\u0131 (A.MKT. MHM)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sadaret Nezaret ve Devair Evrak\u0131 (A. MKT. NZD)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sadaret Umum Vilayet Evrak\u0131 (A.MKT. UM)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. \u0130rade Tasnifi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130rade Hariciye (\u0130.HR)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130rade Meclis-i Mahsus (\u0130.MMS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130rade Meclis-i Vala (\u0130.MVL)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Dahiliye Ta\u015fnifi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dahiliye Muhaberat-i Umumiye \u0130daresi (DH.MU\u0130)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dahiliye \u0130dare<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saln\u00e2meler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trabzon Vilayet Saln\u00e2mesi H. 1286<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trabzon Vilayet Saln\u00e2mesi H. 1287<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Eserler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bala, Mirza,\u201d\u00e7erkesler\u201d, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, c.3, \u0130stanbul 1993,s.375\u2013386<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Darkot, Besim, \u201cSamsun\u201d, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, c.10, \u0130stanbul 1993, s. 172\u2013178<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fanay, Hayati, T\u00fcrkiye Be\u015fer\u00ee Co\u011frafyas\u0131, Ankara 1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Go\u00e7, Van P. Beynelmilel Us\u00fbl-i Tems\u00eel \u0130sk\u00e2n-i Muh\u00e2cirin, M\u00fctercimi: Habil Adem, \u0130stanbul 1334<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u0131zar, AH \u201c Kuzey Kafkas T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve Yard\u0131mla\u015fma Derne\u011fi\u201d, T\u00fcrk G\u00f6\u00e7men ve M\u00fclteci Dernekleri Federasyonu, \u0130stanbul 1962,s. 53\u201358<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130pek, Nedim,\u201cCanik Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n N\u00fcfusuna Dair Bir De\u011ferlendirmesi\u201d, Ondokuz May\u0131s \u00fcniversitesi E\u011fitim Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, S. 12\/1, Samsun 1999,s. 29\u201345<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130pek, Nedim, \u201cBalkanlar\u2019dan Rusya\u2019ya Bulgar G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ve Geri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f (1861- 1862)\u201d, 60. Y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130lim ve Fikir Adam\u0131 Prof. Dr. K\u00e2z\u0131m Ya\u015far Kopraman\u2019a Arma\u011fan, Yay. Haz: E. Semih Yal\u00e7\u0131n, Ankara 2003, s.396\u2013411.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130pek, Nedim, \u201cKafkaslar\u2019daki N\u00fcf\u00fbs Hareketleri\u201d, T\u00fcrkiyat Mecmuas\u0131, c. XX, \u0130stanbul 1997,s. 273\u2013313<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130pek, Nedim, \u201cKafkaslardan Anadolu\u2019ya G\u00f6\u00e7ler (1877\u20131900)\u201d, Ondokuz May\u0131s \u00fcniversitesi E\u011fitim Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, S.6, Samsun 1991,s.97\u2013134<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karpat, Kemal H.\u201c Avrupal\u0131 \u200b\u200bEgemenlikte M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Konumu \u00e7erkeslerin S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc ve Suriye\u2019deki \u0130sk\u00e2n\u0131\u201d, \u00e7erkeslerin S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc 21 May\u0131s 1864 (Tebli\u011fler, Belgeler, Makaleler), Ankara 2001,s.78-111<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">McCarthy, Justin, \u00f6l\u00fcm ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Ulus Olarak Temizleme \u0130\u015flemi 1821- 1922, \u00e7ev: Bilge Umar, \u0130stanbul 1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pinson, Marc, \u201cK\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan Sonra Osmanl\u0131lar Taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7erkeslerin Rumeli\u2019ne \u0130skan\u0131\u201d, \u00e7erkeslerin S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc 21 May\u0131s 1864 (Tebli\u011fler, Belgeler, Makaleler), Ankara 2001,s. 52\u201377<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pinson, Mark, \u201cRusya Politikas\u0131 ve K\u0131r\u0131m Tatarlar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, 1854\u20131862\u201d, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Avrupa Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, 1972\/1, \u0130stanbul 1972, s. 37\u201355<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pinson, Mark, \u201cRusya Politikas\u0131 ve K\u0131r\u0131m Tatarlar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, 1854\u20131862\u201d, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Avrupa Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, 1973\u201374\/ 2\u20133, \u0130stanbul 1974, s. 101\u2013114.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saydam, Abdullah, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkas G\u00f6\u00e7leri (1856\u20131876), Ankara 1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saydam, Abdullah, \u201cKafkasya\u2019dan G\u00f6\u00e7ler ve Su\u00e7lar ve Osmanl\u0131 Yerle\u015fim Politikas\u0131 (1856-1876)\u201d, B\u00fcy\u00fck Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrk Medeniyeti, cilt: II, Edit\u00f6r: Kemal \u00c7i\u00e7ek, Ankara 2000, s. 584\u2013593<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tulum, Cahit, \u201c 1864 G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ile \u0130lgili Baz\u0131 Belgeler\u201d, \u00e7erkeslerin S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc 21 May\u0131s 1864 ( Tebli\u011fler, Belgeler, Makaleler), Ankara 2001,s.7\u201351<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vozgrin, Valeri, \u201c\u00c7arl\u0131k Zaman\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da T\u00fcrk Milli Hareketi\u201d, T\u00fcrkler, c. 18, Ankara 2002,s. 471\u2013484<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">_________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kaynak: &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.samsun.bel.tr\/kulturwebsite\/samsem2006\/doc\/006.doc\">http:\/\/www.samsun.bel.tr\/kulturwebsite\/samsem2006\/doc\/006.doc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130brahim SERBESTO\u011eLU&nbsp; Giri\u015f sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n veya gruplar\u0131n, bir \u00fclkelerde ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede, bir yerle\u015fim yerinden ba\u015fka bir yerle\u015fim yerine, ge\u00e7ici veya&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":783,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arstrma"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=789"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":791,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/789\/revisions\/791"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/783"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}