{"id":754,"date":"2026-01-30T12:06:00","date_gmt":"2026-01-30T12:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=754"},"modified":"2026-09-30T12:24:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T12:24:40","slug":"cerkes-memlukleri-ortaminda-cerkes-adige-dilinin-korunmasi-meselesine-dair","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=754","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7erkes Meml\u00fckleri Ortam\u0131nda \u00c7erkes (Ad\u0131ge) Dilinin Korunmas\u0131 Meselesine Dair"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S. H. Hotko<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tarih Bilimleri Aday\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T. M. Kera\u015fev Ad\u0131ge Cumhuriyet Be\u015feri Bilimler Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Etnoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc K\u0131demli Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6zet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Meml\u00fck ve Avrupa kaynaklar\u0131, \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n Meml\u00fck M\u0131s\u0131r\u0131 ile olan siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ba\u011flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli miktarda bilgi i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00c7erkes Meml\u00fckleri ana dillerini ve geleneklerini korumaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015f, se\u00e7kinler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ise o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmeleri i\u00e7in \u00c7erkesya\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015flerdir. \u0130bn Ta\u011fr\u0131berdi, Sultan Berkuk\u2019un Ad\u0131ge dilindeki lakab\u0131n\u0131 bizim i\u00e7in muhafaza etmi\u015ftir: Malihuk, yani \u201c\u00e7oban\u0131n o\u011flu\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Anahtar kelimeler:<\/strong> \u00c7erkes Meml\u00fckleri, Ad\u0131geler, \u00c7erkes dili \u2014 Ad\u0131gabze, Malihuk, Susruk, \u00c7erkesya, Berkuk, \u0130bn Ta\u011fr\u0131berdi, \u0130bn \u0130yas, Kansu el-Gavri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">***<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fu bilimleri ve Kafkasya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde, \u00c7erkes Meml\u00fckleri ifadesiyle sadece \u00c7erkeslerin kendilerinin de\u011fil, genel olarak Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n ve hatta \u00c7erkes sultanlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemdeki (1382\u20131517) Meml\u00fck Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok etnili askeri ve idari tabakas\u0131n\u0131n kastedildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ger\u00e7ekten de, kalabal\u0131k bir etnik grupla veya \u00f6nemli bir tarihi olayla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan etnonimler, sadece ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki etnik anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131makla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda geni\u015fletilmi\u015f yorumlara da sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, bu \u00f6nemli durumun fark\u0131nda olmak, \u201c\u00c7erkes\u201d etnonimiyle, \u00fclke ad\u0131 olan \u201c\u00c7erkesya\u201d ile veya herhangi bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olgunun \u201c\u00c7erkes\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan olaylar\u0131n ve fenomenlerin as\u0131l \u00c7erkes (Ad\u0131ge) i\u00e7eri\u011fine y\u00f6nelik ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ilgisinin tamamen kaybolmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7mamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu bak\u0131mdan \u015fu soruyu sormak yerinde olacakt\u0131r: \u00c7erkes Meml\u00fckleri \u00c7erkes (Ad\u0131ge) dilini biliyorlar m\u0131yd\u0131? M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u201c\u00c7erkes devleti\u201d (dawlat al-jarakisa) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan d\u00f6nemin temellerini atan Sultan Berkuk ile ilgili bir Meml\u00fck kroni\u011finde ge\u00e7en ilk bariz Ad\u0131gece kelime \u00f6rne\u011fi sembolik bir \u00f6neme sahiptir [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130bn Ta\u011fr\u0131berdi, Berkuk\u2019un ye\u011feni Emir Kacmas\u2019a (Qajmas) \u201cBerkuk\u201d isminin anlam\u0131n\u0131 sormu\u015ftur. Ya\u015fl\u0131 emir, Berkuk isminin, \u201cYalbo\u011fa\u201d isminin Tatar ismi olmas\u0131 gibi bir \u00c7erkes ismi oldu\u011funu ancak Berkuk isminin anlam\u0131n\u0131 bilmedi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Kacmas, Berkuk\u2019un ayr\u0131ca \u201cMali Huk\u201d (Mali Khuk) olarak da \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun \u00c7erkes\u00e7ede \u201c\u00e7oban\u201d anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini ve bu dilde \u201cmali\u201d (mali) kelimesinin \u201ckoyun\u201d demek oldu\u011funu bildirmi\u015ftir [2; 4].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ger\u00e7ekten de ismin, daha do\u011frusu lakab\u0131n \u00c7erkes\u00e7e (Ad\u0131gece) \u00e7evirisi olan Malihuk, \u201c\u00e7oban\u0131n o\u011flu\u201d demektir. <em>Mely<\/em> \u2014 \u201ckoyun\u201d; <em>melaho<\/em> \u2014 \u201c\u00e7oban\u201d, burada <em>ho<\/em> \u201cotlatmak\u201d eylemidir; <em>ko<\/em> \u2014 \u201co\u011ful\u201ddur [3; 214, 308]. Bu t\u00fcr bir lakap olan \u201cMelahuko\u201d (\u00e7oban\u0131n o\u011flu), Ad\u0131ge ortam\u0131nda hala kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 kelime yap\u0131s\u0131 di\u011fer Ad\u0131gece kelimelerde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr: <em>\u00e7emaho<\/em> \u201cs\u0131\u011f\u0131r \u00e7oban\u0131\u201d (<em>\u00e7emy<\/em> \u201cinek\u201d), <em>p\u00e7enaho<\/em> \u201cke\u00e7i \u00e7oban\u0131\u201d (<em>p\u00e7eny<\/em> \u201cke\u00e7i\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7erkes-Meml\u00fck antroponimisinde (ki\u015fi adlar\u0131 bilimi), Ad\u0131ge Nart destan\u0131 kahraman\u0131 Sosruko\u2019nun ismini tam olarak yans\u0131tan <strong>Susruk<\/strong> (Susruq) isminin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 bir ger\u00e7e\u011fe de i\u015faret edelim [4; 111]. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta soylu bir k\u00f6kene sahip olan Susruk, Sultan el-E\u015fref Barsbay\u2019\u0131n muhaf\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. Daha sonra emir r\u00fctbesine y\u00fckseldi, uzun bir \u00f6m\u00fcr s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve 1503 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kahire\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fc [5; 58].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c7erkes-Meml\u00fck aristokrasisi ortam\u0131nda k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f bir di\u011fer Ad\u0131ge ismi ise <strong>Kansav<\/strong>\u2018d\u0131r. Rus\u00e7a do\u011fu bilimleri literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde bu isim genellikle Kansuh (Kansoh) ve Kansu \u015feklinde aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Bize g\u00f6re, isminin en kabul edilebilir Rus\u00e7a \u00e7evirisi tam olarak Kansav\u2019d\u0131r (Kansau; Ad\u0131gece formlar\u0131 K\u2019an\u015fao, K\u2019an\u015fau; burada <em>k\u2019an<\/em> \u2014 Ad\u0131gece \u201ce\u011fitilen\/evlatl\u0131k\u201d, <em>\u015fau\/\u015fao<\/em> \u2014 Ad\u0131gece \u201co\u011ful\u201d) [6; 203, 479]. \u0130smin ilk k\u0131sm\u0131, muhtemelen Kuzey Kafkasya tarihindeki erken d\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk, Bulgar-Hazar d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen belirgin bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e al\u0131nt\u0131dan ibarettir. B\u00fct\u00fcn halinde ise bu, aristokrat elit temsilcilerine de verilen tipik bir Ad\u0131ge ismidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 30-40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Jane b\u00f6lgesinin y\u00f6netici prensi Kansauk (Kansavuk) bilinmektedir [7; 104].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130bn \u0130yas\u2019\u0131n kroni\u011finin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0130ngilizceye ilk bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evirmenleri olan V. Salmon ve D. Margoliouth gibi orta\u00e7a\u011f Arap yaz\u0131 gelene\u011fi uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n, bu sultan\u0131n isminin do\u011fru formunun tam olarak <strong>Kansauh<\/strong> (Kansauh) oldu\u011funu belirttiklerini not etmek \u00f6nemlidir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bizzat Kansauh\u2019un (Kansauk, Kansav) \u015fahsi Kur\u2019an n\u00fcshas\u0131nda bulunan imzas\u0131 Latin harfleriyle tam olarak bu \u015fekilde telaffuz edilmekte ve aktar\u0131labilmektedir [8; 1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1499 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kahire\u2019yi ziyaret eden Arnold von Harff, n\u00fcfuzlu emir Kansav\u2019dan \u201cKatva\u015foe\u201d (Katwashoe) \u015feklinde bahsetmi\u015f ve ismin yaz\u0131m\u0131nda \u00c7erkes\u00e7e telaffuzu olduk\u00e7a do\u011fru yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r [9; 87]. Sondan bir \u00f6nceki \u00c7erkes sultan\u0131n\u0131n isminin \u201cKansav\u201d olarak okunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair g\u00fcven, P. Holt ve A. Poliak gibi tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f uzmanlar\u0131n bu ismi <em>Qansawh<\/em> ve <em>Kansaw<\/em> \u015feklinde aktarmalar\u0131yla daha da artmaktad\u0131r [10; 66].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Barsbay\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, Burgonya aristokrat\u0131 Bertrandon de la Broquiere bir hac\u0131 olarak Suriye\u2019yi ziyaret etti. Hastal\u0131k nedeniyle yolda\u015flar\u0131ndan geri kalan Broquiere, Barsbay\u2019\u0131n muhaf\u0131z birli\u011finden olan ve karde\u015fini aramak \u00fczere Kahire\u2019den Karaman\u2019a giden \u00c7erkes Muhammed ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131 [11; 148]. Bu \u00c7erkes Meml\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn himayesi sayesinde Burgonyal\u0131 bir\u00e7ok tehlikeli durumdan sa\u011f kurtuldu ve Suriye ile Anadolu \u00fczerinden uzun bir kara yolculu\u011fu yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meml\u00fck e\u015fli\u011finde Broquiere, Arakleia (Ere\u011fli) \u015fehrine ula\u015ft\u0131: \u201cEre\u011fli yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bu \u00fclkenin iki soylu temsilcisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131k: Meml\u00fc\u011fe b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterdiler ve onun i\u00e7in \u015fehrin yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki, konutlar\u0131 bir kaya ile b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bir k\u00f6yde ziyafet verdiler. Geceyi burada ge\u00e7irdik ama gecenin geri kalan\u0131n\u0131, atlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011finden endi\u015fe ederek bir ma\u011farada ge\u00e7irdim. Meml\u00fck bana kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, o ikisinin benim kim oldu\u011fumu sorduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve benim bir \u00c7erkes oldu\u011fumu, hen\u00fcz Arap\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frenmedi\u011fimi s\u00f6yleyerek onlar\u0131 kand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u201d [12; 179]. Belirtelim ki olay Anadolu\u2019daki bir T\u00fcrk beyli\u011fi topraklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7iyordu ve bir \u00c7erkes Meml\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u2014en az\u0131ndan vatan\u0131ndan yeni ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan biri i\u00e7in\u2014 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve Arap\u00e7a bilmemek normal bir durumdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sultan Barsbay d\u00f6neminde devlet sekreteri olan Emir Ar\u0131kmas ez-Zahiri, ne T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ne de Arap\u00e7a biliyordu [13; 130]. \u00dcstelik bunu bildiren \u0130bn Ta\u011fr\u0131berdi bu duruma \u015fa\u015f\u0131rmamakta, aksine bunu \u00c7erkesler aras\u0131ndaki akrabac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak sunmakta ve y\u00fcksek bir makama e\u011fitimsiz ve haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z birinin atanmas\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Afrikal\u0131 Leo (Joannes Leo Africanus veya el-Hasan ibn Muhammed el-Vezzan el-Fasi, 1494\u20131554), 1517 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kahire\u2019yi ziyaret etmi\u015f ve yeni \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f rejimle ilgili olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7 bilgiler vermi\u015ftir: \u201cBu makama ve onura genellikle en soylu Meml\u00fcklerden biri getirilirdi. Bu Meml\u00fcklerin hepsi, \u00e7ocuk ya\u015fta B\u00fcy\u00fck Deniz (Karadeniz) \u00fczerindeki \u00c7erkesya eyaletinde Tatarlar taraf\u0131ndan esir al\u0131nan Hristiyanlard\u0131. Kefe\u2019de sat\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131. Kefe\u2019den t\u00fcccarlar taraf\u0131ndan Kahire\u2019ye getirilirler ve sultan taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131rlard\u0131. Sultan onlar\u0131 hemen vaftizden vazge\u00e7meye zorlar, Arap\u00e7a yazmay\u0131, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmay\u0131 ve askeri sanat\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeye mecbur ederdi\u2026 Ve bu gelenek her zaman korunurdu, \u00f6yle ki sultan\u0131n o\u011flu bile, \u00f6nce Hristiyan olup sonra din de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015f ve <strong>\u00c7erkes\u00e7e ile T\u00fcrk\u00e7e dillerini bilmeyen bir Meml\u00fck<\/strong> gibi bu makama lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmezdi\u2026 Bir\u00e7ok sultan, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131 bu dili \u00f6\u011frenmeleri ve k\u00f6y geleneklerine al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00c7erkesya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderirdi; b\u00f6ylece daha sonra sultan olmalar\u0131 daha kolay olurdu, ancak bu \u00e7abalar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmad\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Meml\u00fckler buna r\u0131za g\u00f6stermezdi. Meml\u00fck krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve sultan denilen h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel s\u00fcreci g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar bu \u015fekilde s\u00fcregelmi\u015ftir\u201d [14; 337-338].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burada T\u00fcrk\u00e7e (K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7a) dilinden bahsedilmesi olduk\u00e7a ola\u011fand\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00e7e t\u00fcm Meml\u00fck toplulu\u011funun dili, yani bu \u00e7ok etnili y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7indeki ortak ileti\u015fim diliydi. Afrikal\u0131 Leo\u2019nun \u00c7erkes dilinden bahsetmesi ve \u00c7erkes sultanlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi aileleri i\u00e7inde \u00c7erkes kimli\u011fini korumaya ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verdiklerini belirtmesi \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Referanslar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. <strong>Khasanov AA.,<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u00c7erkes Meml\u00fck grubunun olu\u015fumu \/\/ Arap \u00fclkeleri. T\u00fcrkiye. \u0130ran. Afganistan. Tarih, ekonomi. Moskova: Nauka, 1973. S. 163; <strong>Garcin J.-C.<\/strong> \u00c7erkes Meml\u00fcklerinin Rejimi \/\/ Cambridge M\u0131s\u0131r Tarihi \/ ed. M.W. Daly, Carl F. Petry. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Cilt 1. S. 290.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. <strong>\u0130bn Taghri Birdi.,<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r Tarihi 1382-1469 MS (B\u00f6l\u00fcm 1, 1382-1399 MS) \/ <strong>W. Popper<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan <strong>Ebu\u2019l-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi<\/strong>\u2018nin Arap\u00e7a y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir \/\/ Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi Semitik Filoloji Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1954. Cilt 13. S. 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Ad\u0131ge dilinin a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \/ derleyenler: <strong>A.A. Khatanov, Z.I. Kerasheva;<\/strong> edit\u00f6rler: A.N. Abregova, N.T. Gisheva. Maikop: Bear. rep. book. izd-vo, 2006. S. 308, 214.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. <strong>Kumakhov M.A., Kumakhova Z.Yu.,<\/strong> Adige Folklorunun Dili. Nart Destan\u0131. M.: Nauka, 1985. S. 111.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. <strong>\u0130bn \u0130yas el-Hanafi,<\/strong> Kahireli bir burjuvan\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \/ \u00e7eviren ve notland\u0131ran<strong>: G. Wiet,<\/strong> Paris, 1955. Cilt IP 58.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fck\u2026 S. 203, 479.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. <strong>Nekrasov H.A.,<\/strong> Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkileri ve halklar\u0131 (15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011fi \u2013 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131). Moskova: Nauka, 1990. S. 104.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8. <strong>\u0130bn \u0130yas,<\/strong> Hicri 922 (MS 1516) y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 fethine dair bir anlat\u0131m \/ Muhammed ibn Ahmed ibn \u0130yas\u2019\u0131n Arap\u00e7a kroni\u011finin 3. cildinden \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir\u2026, W. Salmon, L., 1921. S. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9. <strong>\u015e\u00f6valye Arnold von Harff von Cz1p<\/strong>\u2018nin \u0130talya, Suriye, M\u0131s\u0131r, Arabistan, Etiyopya, Nubia, Filistin, T\u00fct\u00fcn, Fransa ve \u0130spanya \u00fczerinden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hac yolculu\u011fu: 1496-1499 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle. <strong>J.M. Heberle<\/strong> (H. Lempertz), 1860. S. 87.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10. <strong>Holt PM<\/strong>, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Bereketli Hilal, 1516-1922. Siyasi Bir Tarih. NY, 1966. S. 37, 81; <strong>Poliak AN<\/strong>, M\u0131s\u0131r, Suriye, Filistin ve L\u00fcbnan\u2019da Feodalizm, 1250-1939. L., 1939. S. 66.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11. <strong>Philippe le Bon,<\/strong> Burgonya D\u00fck\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 ve ilk yaver-oymac\u0131s\u0131 <strong>Bertrandon de la Brocquiere<\/strong>\u2018nin 1432 ve 1433 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Filistin\u2019e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyahatler ve Kud\u00fcs\u2019ten karayoluyla Fransa\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \/ \u00e7eviren: <strong>Thomas Johnes.<\/strong> L., 1807. S. 148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12. Ayn\u0131 eser, s. 179.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13. <strong>\u0130bn Taghri Birdi,<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r Tarihi. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 4, 1422-1438 MS \/\/ Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi Semitik Filoloji Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1958. Cilt 18. S. 130.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14. <strong>Leo Africanus<\/strong>, Afrika \u2013 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u0131sm\u0131. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ve cazibe merkezlerinin tan\u0131m\u0131 \/ \u0130talyancadan \u00e7evrilmi\u015f, <strong>V.V. Matveev<\/strong>\u2018in yorumu ve makalesi. Leningrad: Nauka, 1983, s. 337\u2013338.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kaynak: LGU B\u00fclteni, Say\u0131: 1(156), Y\u0131l: 2015, s. 71-74<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S. H. Hotko Tarih Bilimleri Aday\u0131, T. M. Kera\u015fev Ad\u0131ge Cumhuriyet Be\u015feri Bilimler Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Etnoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc K\u0131demli Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 \u00d6zet&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":755,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arstrma"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=754"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/754\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":762,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/754\/revisions\/762"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}