{"id":404,"date":"2026-04-12T14:21:09","date_gmt":"2026-04-12T14:21:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=404"},"modified":"2026-04-12T14:21:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-12T14:21:10","slug":"ivan-grozninin-ordusundaki-kabardey-cerkes-savascilar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=404","title":{"rendered":"\u0130van Grozni’nin ordusundaki Kabardey-\u00c7erkes sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

KARMOV T.M.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Kuzey Kafkas birlikleri Rus devletinin ordular\u0131nda yer almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu ger\u00e7ek, Sovyet tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir siyasi y\u00f6n\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in literat\u00fcrde defalarca belirtilmi\u015ftir.(1) Yak\u0131n zamana kadar, Livonya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ilk a\u015famas\u0131nda Kabardeyli sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Dorpat ve Milten’e(2) yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131larda bile kendilerini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Kaynaklar\u0131n (Rus kronikleri) analizi ve bunlara dayanan devrim \u00f6ncesi tarih\u00e7ilerin eserlerinin ele\u015ftirel bir incelemesi, etnonimlerdeki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k nedeniyle kronik yazarlar\u0131n ve baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n Bat\u0131 \u00c7erkes atl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Kabardeylere atfetti\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.(3) Kabardey s\u00fcvarilerin Rus ordusundaki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ar\u0131n m\u00fcstakbel e\u015finin karde\u015flerinin hizmet etmek \u00fczere Moskova’ya geldi\u011fi 1559 k\u0131\u015f seferine kadar izlenebilir. Daha sonra, 1563 Polotsk seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, zaten sa\u011f kol alay\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131lar ve do\u011frudan \u0130van Grozni’nin \u015fahs\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131lar.(4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eunu belirtmek gerekir ki, Kabardey s\u00fcvariler, bir dizi ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011fe ra\u011fmen, genel olarak o d\u00f6nemin \u00c7erkes ordusundan pek de farkl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Orta Kafkasya topraklar\u0131nda var olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da ve karma\u015f\u0131k sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Kabardeylerin maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde neredeyse \u00f6nemsizdi; bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr, mezar e\u015fyalar\u0131 ve silahlar\u0131n dikkat \u00e7ekici bir homojenli\u011fi ve tekd\u00fczeli\u011fi ile karakterize edilir. Arkeologlar taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanan Kabardey-Pyatigorsk mezar h\u00f6y\u00fckleri grubu, genel olarak Bat\u0131 \u00c7erkeslerinin s\u00f6zde Belorechensk mezar h\u00f6y\u00fckleri grubuna \u00e7ok benzer.(5)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131, Kabardeyler da dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00c7erkes s\u00fcvarilerinin sava\u015f yeteneklerini son derece \u00f6vd\u00fcler. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, yani bizim i\u00e7in ilgi \u00e7ekici olaylardan yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce, G. Interiano \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: “Bir avu\u00e7 \u00c7erkes…”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u00c7erkesler \u00e7ok daha \u00e7evik ve daha iyi silahlanm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131ndan, atlar\u0131 daha iyi oldu\u011fundan ve kendileri daha cesur olduklar\u0131ndan, \u0130skitlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn bir kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131rlar.” (6). Livonya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra, \u0130van Grozni’nin o\u011flu \u00c7ar Feodor, \u00c7erkeslerin hizmet etmek \u00fczere bir birlik g\u00f6ndermesi konusunda anla\u015fmaya var\u0131rken, her bir atl\u0131 i\u00e7in titizlikle pazarl\u0131k yapt\u0131.(7) Bir y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re durum pek de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015fti ve Astrahan valisi Artemy Volynsky, 1721’de I. Petro’ya \u015funlar\u0131 bildirdi: “…Sadece bir \u015feyi \u00f6vebilirim, t\u00fcm sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar bu b\u00f6lgelerde bulunmayan t\u00fcrdendir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bin Tatar veya Kumuk varsa, burada iki y\u00fcz \u00c7erkes yeterlidir.”(8)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7erkesler, \u00f6zellikle de Kabardeyler aras\u0131nda sava\u015f, soylular\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Askeri aristokrasi t\u00fcm hayat\u0131n\u0131 bitmek bilmeyen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla ge\u00e7iriyordu. S.M. Bronevsky, Kabardiya s\u00fcvarilerini Part s\u00fcvarileriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken, “Z\u0131rh giymi\u015f prens ve uzdeni, yolda\u015flar\u0131yla birlikte se\u00e7kin bir atl\u0131 s\u00fcvari birli\u011fi olu\u015ftururlar” diye belirtmi\u015ftir.(9) Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 duygusal de\u011ferlendirmeler ve tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n tamamen objektif bir temeli vard\u0131. Mesele, Kabardey ve \u00c7erkes atl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bireysel niteliklerinden ziyade (t\u00fcm halklar aras\u0131nda se\u00e7kin sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar ve kahramanlar bolca bulunurdu), sosyal ve askeri \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerinin \u00f6zellikleriydi; bu da, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe unsurlarla baz\u0131 benzerlikler ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun di\u011fer do\u011fu d\u00fczensiz birliklerinden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayr\u0131lan benzersiz bir silah setinin geli\u015ftirilmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kabardey s\u00fcvariler, d\u00fczensiz s\u00fcvarilerin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zelliklerini ve niteliklerini ba\u015far\u0131yla birle\u015ftirdiler. Y\u00fcksek hareket kabiliyeti ve ayn\u0131 zamanda “z\u0131rh” kombinasyonu, onlar\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve ba\u015fl\u0131ca avantaj\u0131yd\u0131. Z\u0131rhlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00c7erkes s\u00fcvarileri Tatarlar kadar h\u0131zl\u0131yd\u0131. Kabardey z\u0131rh, soylular\u0131n savunma te\u00e7hizat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Interiano, soylular\u0131n\u0131n z\u0131rhlar\u0131ndan ve zincir z\u0131rhlar\u0131ndan asla ayr\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131: “S\u00f6zde z\u0131rhlar\u0131yla uyuyorlar.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cZ\u0131rhlar\u0131n\u0131 giyerler, yani yast\u0131k yerine ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na zincir z\u0131rh g\u00f6mle\u011fi koyarlar ve silahlar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rda tutarlar; aniden uyand\u0131klar\u0131nda hemen bu z\u0131rh\u0131 giyerek an\u0131nda p\u00fcr silah durumuna ge\u00e7erler.\u201d(10)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kabardey ve \u00c7erkes z\u0131rhlar\u0131 iki tipe ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu: g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs z\u0131rh\u0131 (af\u00e9) ve zincir z\u0131rh\u0131 (af\u00e9 dzhane).(11) Zincir z\u0131rh\u0131 ile g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs z\u0131rh\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki temel fark, halkalar\u0131n kesitinde (zincir z\u0131rh\u0131 yuvarlak kesitliyken, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs z\u0131rh\u0131 d\u00fcz kesitlidir) ve halkalar\u0131n nas\u0131l tutturuldu\u011fuydu (zincir z\u0131rh\u0131 \u00e7ivi kullan\u0131rken, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs z\u0131rh\u0131 sivri u\u00e7lu bir \u00e7ivi kullan\u0131yordu). \u00c7erkeslerin b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda yabanc\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131 z\u0131rh kullanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Kabardey g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs z\u0131rhlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir pop\u00fclerli\u011fe ve \u015f\u00f6hrete sahipti. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca avantajlar\u0131, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hafiflikleri (3.390 ila 4.920 kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda), kompaktl\u0131klar\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda sa\u011flaml\u0131klar\u0131yd\u0131.(12) Bu \u00f6zellikler, hem bireysel sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n hem de birliklerin genel olarak h\u0131z ve manevra kabiliyeti i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemliydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7erkes z\u0131rh\u0131, yaln\u0131zca Rusya’da de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130ran ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda da \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok de\u011ferli kabul ediliyordu; bu \u00fclkeler bu koruyucu z\u0131rh\u0131 sat\u0131n al\u0131yor ve hara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131. 1595’te \u015eah Abbas, Rus el\u00e7isine \u00e7e\u015fitli silahlar g\u00f6sterirken \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: “\u0130yi k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u015eam \u00e7eli\u011fi bize Hindistan devletinden, iyi z\u0131rh ise \u00c7erkesya’dan geliyor.”(13) De\u011ferli z\u0131rh\u0131n kesintisiz \u00fcretimini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Rus devleti, baz\u0131 \u00c7erkes z\u0131rh ustalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nce Astrahan’a, ard\u0131ndan Moskova’ya davet etti.(14)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak \u00c7erkes z\u0131rhlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00f6zellikleri, \u00fcretimdeki y\u00fcksek emek yo\u011funlu\u011fu pahas\u0131na elde edilmi\u015fti. Bu durum, Kabardey-Pyatigorsk grubuna ait Ad\u0131ge mezarlar\u0131nda z\u0131rh\u0131n neredeyse hi\u00e7 bulunmamas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni olabilir. Z\u0131rh ve zincir z\u0131rh\u0131n nesiller boyunca dikkatlice aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve muhtemelen m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca uzun s\u00fcre kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131 mant\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, Kabardey s\u00fcvarilerinin koruma g\u00fcc\u00fc ve h\u0131z\u0131, Rus komutanlar taraf\u0131ndan bu kadar de\u011ferli bulunmazd\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u0131n olmazsa olmaz bir unsuru olarak kabul edilen yak\u0131n d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f olmadan etkili olamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Kabardeylerin ana sald\u0131r\u0131 silah\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7t\u0131; bu silah y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra \u015fa\u015fka ile de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. S\u00fcrekli seferler, s\u00fcrekli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7 sava\u015flar ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 adapte edildi ve \u00c7erkes silahlanmas\u0131nda kompakt, \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir sald\u0131r\u0131 silah\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ad\u0131ge b\u00f6lgesinde, hem kesme hem de saplama darbelerini e\u015fit derecede etkili bir \u015fekilde verebilen, s\u00fcng\u00fc u\u00e7lu bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 olan melez bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.(15) Rus devletinin topraklar\u0131nda bu k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc “\u00c7erkes k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131” olarak bilindi.(16) 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir T\u00fcrk gezgin, \u201ck\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n u\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u00f6rtgen ve \u00fc\u00e7gen m\u0131zraklar\u0131n u\u00e7lar\u0131na benziyor. \u00d6nce k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 durduruyorlar, sonra yine k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131yla kesiyorlar\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (17) Arkeolojik kan\u0131tlar bu bilgiyi do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r; Kabardey-Pyatigorsk mezar h\u00f6y\u00fcklerinin mezar e\u015fyalar\u0131ndan bu k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lardan geni\u015f bir se\u00e7kiye sahibiz. Saplar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a kavisli (6-8 cm) ve genellikle 120-130 cm uzunlu\u011fa ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Saplar genellikle hafif\u00e7e kavisli olup, vuru\u015fun etkinli\u011fini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in b\u0131\u00e7ak \u00e7izgisine a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 olarak konumland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u0131\u00e7aklar\u0131n u\u00e7lar\u0131, saplama eylemi i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f, uzun (20-30 cm’ye kadar), giderek keskinle\u015fen s\u00fcng\u00fc \u015feklinde bir u\u00e7la sonlan\u0131r.(18)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu t\u00fcr silahlar\u0131n pop\u00fclaritesi ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00c7erkes k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi Rusya’da k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede tam olarak geli\u015ftirildi. Rus k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 \u00fcretiminde b\u00fct\u00fcn bir “\u00c7erkes” gelene\u011finin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l belgelerinde, bazen do\u011frudan Rus men\u015fei belirtileriyle birlikte, “\u00c7erkes davas\u0131 i\u00e7in” yap\u0131lan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n, asl\u0131nda “\u00c7erkes” olanlardan daha s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesiyle kan\u0131tlanmaktad\u0131r.[19]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Kabardeylerin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f ve sava\u015f yetenekleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 ve bu nedenle d\u00f6nemin Rus ordusunun yabanc\u0131 dil konu\u015fan birlikleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece, Kabardeylerin hem d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri hem de sava\u015f yetenekleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 ve bu nedenle Livonya Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Rus ordusundaki yabanc\u0131 dilli birliklerin aras\u0131nda \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan dikkat \u00e7ektikleri s\u00f6ylenebilir. Kabardey-\u00c7erkes s\u00fcvarileri, temel \u00f6zellikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hem hafif hem de a\u011f\u0131r s\u00fcvari \u00f6zelliklerini birle\u015ftiren bir t\u00fcre ait say\u0131labilirdi; ancak bu birliklerin say\u0131ca az olmas\u0131, kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 fiilen ke\u015fif, eskort, koruma ve \u00e7ar\u0131n \u00f6zel emirlerini yerine getirmeye indirgemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u00c7erkes kabilelerinin Kafkasya’ya yerle\u015fimi (Tsutsiev A.A. Kafkasya’n\u0131n etno-politik tarihi atlas\u0131. Moskova, 2007. Harita 47)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Temryukovi\u00e7lerin maiyetinden bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131, 1550-1570’ler. Sanat\u00e7\u0131 O.V. Fedorov, 2014.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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Referanslar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. V.B. Vilinbakhov, Rus-Kabardey askeri i\u015fbirli\u011finin tarihinden. – Nal\u00e7ik, 1982. – S. 79.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 Potto V.A., Terek Kazaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ki Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 (1577-1801). – Stavropol, 1991. – S. 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 Karmov T.M., “Beyaz \u00c7ar”\u0131n hizmetinde. Kabardeylerin Livonya Sava\u015f\u0131’na Kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \/\/ Tarihsel, felsefi, politik ve hukuki bilimler, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve sanat ele\u015ftirisi. Teorik ve pratik konular. T\u00fcz\u00fck No. 12 (26): 3 b\u00f6l\u00fcm halinde. – Tambov, 2012. – II. B\u00f6l\u00fcm. – s. 93-96.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Rus kroniklerinin tam derlemesi. – St. Petersburg, 1906. – Cilt 13. – K\u0131s\u0131m 2. – Sayfa 350, 360.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5 Nagoev A.Kh., Ge\u00e7 Orta \u00c7a\u011fda Kabardeylerin Maddi K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc. – Nal\u00e7ik, 1981. – S. 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6 Interiano G., Zikhlerin (\u00c7erkesler olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r) g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131 ve \u00fclkesi. Dikkat \u00e7ekici bir anlat\u0131 \/\/ 13.-19. y\u00fczy\u0131llar Avrupal\u0131 \u200b\u200byazarlar\u0131n raporlar\u0131nda Ad\u0131ge, Balkar ve Kara\u00e7aylar \/ \u00c7evirilerin edit\u00f6r\u00fc, giri\u015f ve metinlere giri\u015f yaz\u0131lar\u0131 V.K. Gardanov taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. – Nal\u00e7ik, 1974. – S. 50.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7 Kusheva E.N., Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131 ve 16.-17. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Rusya ile olan ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131. – M., 1963. – S. 131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Soloviev S. M., Antik \u00c7a\u011flardan \u0130tibaren Rusya Tarihi (Eserler: 18 kitap halinde). – M., 1993. Kitap 9. – S. 365.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9 Bronevsky S. M., Kafkasya hakk\u0131nda son haberler. – St. Petersburg, 2004. – S. 169.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10 Interiano G., Zikhlerin, \u00c7erkeslerin Hayat\u0131 ve \u00dclkesi. Dikkat \u00c7ekici Bir Anlat\u0131. \u2014 S. 49.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11 Astvatsaturyan E.G., Kafkas silahlar\u0131. – M., 1975. – S. 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Marzey A., \u00c7erkes at binicili\u011fi. – Nal\u00e7ik, 2005. – S. 208-209.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moskova Rusyas\u0131 ile \u0130ran aras\u0131ndaki diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin 13 an\u0131t\u0131. \u2014 St. Petersburg, 1890. \u2014 Cilt I. \u2014 S. 271.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14 Astvatsaturyan E.G., Kafkas silahlar\u0131. – S. 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15 Prokopenko V.M., S\u00fcng\u00fc u\u00e7lu Kuzey Kafkas k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tarihine k\u0131sa bir bak\u0131\u015f \/\/ Cu\u00e7i ulusunun askeri i\u015fleri. – Astana, 2012. – S. 284.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. Kurmanovsky V.S. 16.-17. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Rusya’da k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 b\u0131\u00e7aklar\u0131: Morfoloji ve tasar\u0131m \u00f6zellikleri. Doktora Tezi \u00d6zeti (Tarih). Moskova, 2010. S. 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17 Evliya \u00c7elebi. Seyahat Kitab\u0131. (17. y\u00fczy\u0131l T\u00fcrk seyyah\u0131n\u0131n eserlerinden al\u0131nt\u0131lar). – M., 1979. – Say\u0131 2: Kuzey Kafkasya, Volga ve Don B\u00f6lgeleri. – S. 59.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18 Nagoev A.Kh. Orta\u00e7a\u011f Kabardey. – Nal\u00e7ik, 2000. – S. 147-151.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19 Kurmanovsky V.S. 16.-17. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Rusya’da k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 b\u0131\u00e7aklar\u0131: Morfoloji ve tasar\u0131m \u00f6zellikleri. – S. 26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

___________ <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al\u0131nt\u0131:<\/strong> \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430: \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 (Askeri Tarih: Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Kaynaklar), Y\u0131l: 2014, Cilt VI, s. 37-45. (http:\/\/www.milhist.info\/2014\/10\/16\/karmov)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

KARMOV T.M. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Kuzey Kafkas birlikleri Rus devletinin ordular\u0131nda yer almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu ger\u00e7ek, Sovyet tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir siyasi y\u00f6n\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in literat\u00fcrde defalarca belirtilmi\u015ftir.(1) Yak\u0131n zamana kadar, Livonya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ilk a\u015famas\u0131nda Kabardeyli sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Dorpat ve Milten’e(2) yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131larda bile kendilerini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Kaynaklar\u0131n (Rus kronikleri) analizi ve bunlara […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arstrma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=404"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/404\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":407,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/404\/revisions\/407"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/406"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}