{"id":382,"date":"2026-02-16T02:33:05","date_gmt":"2026-02-16T02:33:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=382"},"modified":"2026-02-16T02:43:18","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T02:43:18","slug":"kuzey-kafkasyadan-ortadogu-collerine-irak-cerkesleri-ruslarin-kuzey-kafkasyalilara-uyguladigi-surgun-soykirimdan-bir-kesit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/certav.org\/?p=382","title":{"rendered":"KUZEY KAFKASYA’DAN ORTADO\u011eU \u00c7\u00d6LLER\u0130NE IRAK \u00c7ERKESLER\u0130: RUSLAR’IN KUZEY KAFKASYALILAR’A UYGULADI\u011eI S\u00dcRG\u00dcN\/ SOYKIRIM’DAN B\u0130R KES\u0130T"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Prof. Dr. Nurg\u00fcn KO\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karab\u00fck \u00dcniv. Ed. Fak. Tarih B\u00f6l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

nurgunkoc@karabuk.edu.tr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6Z<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131 olarak bilinen Ad\u0131ge (\u00c7erkes), \u00c7e\u00e7en ve Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, Ruslar’\u0131n istilalar\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 as\u0131r direndiler. M\u00fccadeleyi kaybeden Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar, Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan vatanlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Yayg\u0131n olarak \u00c7erkes olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131lar. Y\u00fczbinlerce \u00c7erkes, en hafifi ya\u011fma olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcrl\u00fc eziyet ve tecav\u00fczlerin yan\u0131nda Sibirya’ya s\u00fcr\u00fclmek, ya da dinlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek gibi tehditleri, asl\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri gibi g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinden, Osmanl\u0131 Halifesinin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 tercih ettiler. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fan say\u0131lara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak bir milyonun \u00fczerinde Kuzey Kafkas halk\u0131 vatanlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclerek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu yo\u011fun n\u00fcfus hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131nda zaman zaman zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015fsa da gelenlerin yerle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in yo\u011fun \u00e7aba sarf etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan tutulmu\u015f olan resmi kay\u0131tlardan ge\u00e7ici bar\u0131nma, ia\u015fe ve isk\u00e2n ile ilgili geli\u015fmeleri takip etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktad\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131, Anadolu ve Rumeli ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere o d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin elinde olan \u015eam, Musul gibi vilayetlere de yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir. 1877-78 Osmanl\u0131 Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 sonundaki Osmanl\u0131 yenilgisi ile beraber Rumeli’ye yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan \u00c7erkesler bir kez daha g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve topraklar\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00c7erkesler de kurulan yeni devletler i\u00e7erisinde varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini devam ettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Say\u0131lar\u0131 nispeten T\u00fcrkiye, Suriye ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn’deki \u00c7erkesler’e nazaran \u00e7ok daha az olsa da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Irak Devleti i\u00e7inde de Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. Irak’ta ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkesler’in b\u00f6lgenin etnik yap\u0131s\u0131nda bask\u0131n olan Arap, K\u00fcrt ve T\u00fcrkmen n\u00fcfusu i\u00e7inde eridikleri ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimliklerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kaybettikleri anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong> Kuzey Kafkasya, \u00c7erkes, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Irak, S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\/Soyk\u0131r\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IRAQI CIRCASSIANS FROM THE NORTH CAUCASUS TO THE DESERTS OF THE MIDDLE EAST: A SLICE OF THE EXILE\/GENOCIDE BY THE RUSSIANS ON THE NORTH CAUCASIANS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

North Caucasus, known as the<\/em> Ad\u0131ge<\/em> (Circassian), Chechen and Dagestanis, resisted the invasions of the Russians for about three centuries. The North Caucasians, who lost the struggle, were driven from their homeland by the Russians. The North Caucasian peoples, commonly called Circassians, took refuge in the Ottoman Empire. Hundreds of thousands of Circassians preferred the lands of the Ottoman Caliph, seeing threats such as deportation to Siberia or changing their religion, as well as various persecution and rape, the least of which was plunder, as different types of death. At the end of the 19th century, when the numbers intensified, especially in<\/em> 1864,<\/em> approximately one million North Caucasian people were exiled from their homeland and took refuge in the Ottoman Empire. Although the Ottoman Empire faced difficulties from time to time during this intense population movement, it made great efforts to settle the immigrants. It is possible to follow the developments related to temporary accommodation, subsistence and settlement, especially from the official records kept by the Ottoman Empire. The peoples of the North Caucasus were also settled in provinces such as Damascus and Mosul, which were in the hands of the Ottoman state at that time, especially in Anatolia and Rumelia. With the Ottoman defeat at the end of the <\/em>1877-78<\/em> Ottoman-Russian War, the Circassians, who were settled in Rumelia, had to emigrate once again. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War and the disintegration of its lands, the Circassians tried to maintain their existence and culture in the new states established. Although their number is relatively less than the Circassians in Turkey, Syria and Jordan, there are peoples of the North Caucasus within the present Iraqi State. It is understood that the Circassians living in Iraq have dissolved into the Arab, Turkmen and Kurdish populations that are dominant in the ethnic structure of the region and have lost their cultural identity to a large extent.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords: <\/strong>North Caucasus, Circassian, Ottoman Empire, Iraq, Exile\/Genocide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n Co\u011frafi ve Etnik Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafkasya, Karadeniz ile Hazar Denizi aras\u0131ndaki bir berzah olu\u015fturur. Bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda Karadeniz memleketleriyle birle\u015fen bu ge\u00e7it, Bo\u011fazlar yoluyla Bat\u0131 Avrupa medeniyeti ile temasa olanak sa\u011flar. Hazar Denizi ise onun Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu ve Orta Asya memleketleriyle birle\u015ftirir. Ba\u015flar\u0131 her zaman karla kapl\u0131 Elbrus, Kazbek gibi y\u00fckseklikleriyle me\u015fhur da\u011flar\u0131n bir denizden di\u011ferine uzanan ba\u015fl\u0131ca silsilesi, b\u00f6lgeyi Kuzey ve G\u00fcney (Mavera-y\u0131 Kafkasya) olarak ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131r. Da\u011fl\u0131k bir co\u011frafya olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Kafkasya, b\u00fcy\u00fck nehirlerin sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f ovalara ve yaylalara sahiptir. “Kafkasya’n\u0131n tarihi, topografyas\u0131yla tam bir ahenk te\u015fkil etmektedir. Ge\u00e7it’in siyasi mukadderat\u0131, kendisini y\u0131kayan denizler kadar dalgal\u0131d\u0131r. Burada ya\u015fayan milletlerin ge\u00e7irdikleri kaza ve kader, b\u00fcy\u00fck da\u011flarla g\u00f6lgeli derelerin \u00e7izgileri kadar ini\u015fli ve yoku\u015fludur.”[1]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n en eski yerli halklar\u0131 Adigeler (Abzahlar-Abedzax, \u015eaps\u0131\u011flar, Bjedu\u011flar, Natukha\u00e7lar-Nathoy, Janeler, Kabardeyler-Kabartay, Besleneyler-Besni, Vub\u0131hlar-Ub\u0131h, Hatkoylar-Hat\u0131koy, Makho\u015flar-Maho\u015f, Kemirguveyler-Temirgoy); Abhaz-Abazalar; Asetin-Osetler; Kara\u00e7ay-Balkarlar; \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015flar; Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar (Avarlar-Andelal, Lezgiler, Gazi Kumuklar-Lak, Darginler)’dir.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n otokhton halkar\u0131ndan biri olan “Adige’ler \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011flar’da Yunanl\u0131lar’\u0131n “Kherkhetai” dedikleri \u00c7erkes’lerdir. Azak Denizi ve Karadeniz sahilleri ile bu sahillere yak\u0131n olan da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Adigeler’in Kafkasya’ya herhangi bir yerden gelip yerle\u015ftiklerine dair bir veri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Kafkasya d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir halkla akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ispatlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7erkesler kendilerine “hem\u015fehri, hemmillet” anlam\u0131nda “Adige” derler. Avrupal\u0131lar “Circassien”, T\u00fcrkler ve Ruslar “\u00c7erkes” derler. Kelimenin asl\u0131n\u0131n “Hati-He” veya “Hatti-He” olabilece\u011fi belirtilmektedir. \u00c7erkesler ile Hatiler’in ayr\u0131 milletler olmad\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde iddialar mevcuttur.[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fu ile Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bir ge\u00e7it niteli\u011findeki Kafkasya’n\u0131n kuzeyi bir bak\u0131\u015fta anla\u015f\u0131lamayacak kadar karma\u015f\u0131k bir etnik ve sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131ya sahiptir. Birbirinden farkl\u0131 dillerin konu\u015fuldu\u011fu co\u011frafya d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en karma\u015f\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinden birisidir. B\u00f6lgenin en eski yerli halklar\u0131ndan olan \u00c7erkesler “B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcrg\u00fcn” ile tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ac\u0131lar\u0131ndan birini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. “Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n otokton halklar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcne, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ulusal trajedilerinden biri olarak, soyk\u0131r\u0131m denilebilir. “[5]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkasya’da Rus \u0130stilas\u0131 ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Giri\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moskova Knezli\u011fi, Alt\u0131norda Devleti’nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan vakit kaybetmeksizin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede otorite in\u015fa ederek yay\u0131lmac\u0131 bir siyaset izlemi\u015f ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 hem Sibirya’ya hem de Kafkasya’ya do\u011fru geni\u015fletmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kafkasya, Rusya’n\u0131n askeri ve siyasi hedefinin merkezine yerle\u015fti\u011finde b\u00f6lge ile ilgili anahtar kelime ‘kolonizasyon’ olmu\u015ftur. S\u00fcrecin ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren Rusya’n\u0131n Kafkasya’daki ilk muhataplar\u0131 Kabardey \u00c7erkesleri olmu\u015f, heyetler aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan diyalog ile Karadeniz’den Hazar Denizi’ne kadar t\u00fcm kritik noktalara in\u015fa edilen kaleler ile Rus hakimiyeti b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ruslar bu kaleler sayesinde yerli halk\u0131n birbiriyle olan ileti\u015fimini kesmi\u015ftir. Kuzeydo\u011fu Kafkasya’n\u0131n kolonizasyonunda \u00e7e\u015fitli halklar ve sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n temsilcileri etkili olmu\u015ftur. Ruslar Kafkasya’n\u0131n i\u015fgalinde kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir i\u015fleve sahip olan kolonizat\u00f6rleri, Rus Kazaklar\u0131 ve Kafkasya’n\u0131n yerli halklar\u0131ndan G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Ermeniler olurken, kolonize edilen b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcileri ise prensler olmu\u015ftur. Kafkasya’da Kabardey ve Oset halklar\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan s\u0131n\u0131fsal yap\u0131lanma Rusya’n\u0131n Kuzeydo\u011fu Kafkasya’ya n\u00fcfuz etmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. “Yani Rusya Kafkasya’ya sadece Kazaklar yoluyla yerle\u015fmemi\u015f, kolonizasyonda yerli unsurlar\u0131 da kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc aksinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k getirece\u011fi Rus y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. “[6]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finden itibaren Ruslar’\u0131n Kafkasya’ya y\u00f6nelik sistematik yay\u0131lma plan\u0131n\u0131 devreye soktuklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Rusya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 da etkili olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle K\u0131r\u0131m’\u0131n kaybedilmesiyle beraber s\u00fcre\u00e7, Kafkas milletlerinin aleyhine i\u015flemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011fine gelindi\u011finde, Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131 Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan vatanlar\u0131ndan at\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafkasya’n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesinde Kuzeydo\u011fu Kafkasya’da ba\u015flayan “gazavat sava\u015flar\u0131” \u00f6nemli bir a\u015famay\u0131 te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. 1829’dan itibaren gazavat sava\u015flar\u0131 ve \u0130mam \u015eamil’in liderli\u011findeki “m\u00fcridizm” hareketi ile gelinen yeni a\u015famada m\u00fccadele birka\u00e7 kabilenin direni\u015fi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Cesareti, politik ve taktik yetene\u011fi ve halklar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irebilme ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla \u015eeyh \u015eamil \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesinin en k\u0131demli ve karizmatik lideri olmu\u015ftur.[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ilhak\u0131 1860\u2019lara kadar tam olarak sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[9]<\/sup><\/a> Y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131 tam bir ulusal felaketle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00c7erkesler’in y\u00fczde doksan\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7erkesler vatan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ferdir.[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ruslar ele ge\u00e7irdikleri k\u00f6ylerde, halk\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlamak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc i\u015fkenceye ba\u015fvurmu\u015flar, evlerini ve samanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. “\u00c7aresiz kalan halk sahillere \u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015ferek bir an \u00f6nce Anadolu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fmay\u0131 arzu etmekteydiler. Bir gemi, bir kay\u0131k, bir bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 teknesi bulanlar kendilerini \u015fansl\u0131 sayarak Karadeniz’in korkun\u00e7 f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131na ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmeden denize a\u00e7\u0131lmaktayd\u0131lar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn tehlikesine ra\u011fmen denize a\u00e7\u0131lmak kurtulu\u015f i\u00e7in bir umut i\u015faretiydi. Geride kalman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm demek oldu\u011funu herkes bilmekteydi.”[11]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ncesi ve sonras\u0131nda da devam eden fakat 1864’te yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Kafkasyal\u0131lar’\u0131n vatanlar\u0131ndan at\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden olu\u015fturulan s\u00f6ylem, konjonkt\u00fcrel olarak de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. \u00d6nceleri “g\u00f6\u00e7” ya da “muhaceret” \u015feklinde adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken son d\u00f6nemlerde “s\u00fcrg\u00fcn” ve\/veya “soyk\u0131r\u0131m” olarak nitelendirilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcrg\u00fcn s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc insanl\u0131k tarihinin en kara sayfalar\u0131ndan biri olan bu olay\u0131 anlatmakta son derece yetersiz kalmaktad\u0131r. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn, bir devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan bir toplulu\u011fun yerini zorla de\u011fi\u015ftirmesidir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fime karar veren, uygulayan ve yeni yerle\u015fim alan\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen ayn\u0131 resmi otoritedir. Bu durum baz\u0131 \u00c7erkesler’e 1863-64 y\u0131llar\u0131nda uygulanm\u0131\u015f, Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan Sibirya’ya ve Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyine zorla s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Fakat Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne gidenlerin durumu farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Onlar, Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirledi\u011fi “\u00f6l\u00fcm” ya da “s\u00fcrg\u00fcn” se\u00e7eneklerini redderek \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir se\u00e7enek olarak Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na “hicret”i se\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. \u00c7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda Rus yetkililerin \u00c7erkesler’in Amerikan yerlileri gibi vah\u015fi ve uslanmaz topluluklar olduklar\u0131 ve imha edilmelerinin bir devlet politikas\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fine dair bilgilere rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu politikan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a “soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve etnik temizlik” amac\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan kurtulmak amac\u0131yla y\u00fczbinlerce insan hurda gemilerle, batmas\u0131 kesin olan kay\u0131klarla t\u0131ka basa kitleler halinde g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m-kesin \u00f6l\u00fcm tehlikesinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda bir milyondan fazla insan\u0131n vatan\u0131n\u0131 terk etmesi, \u00fcstelik g\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerin yar\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli sebeplerle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fi bilinirken bu yola ba\u015fvurmas\u0131n\u0131n mant\u0131kla ve ya\u015fanan ger\u00e7eklerle ilgisi yoktur. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri gelenleri kabul etmemenin onlar\u0131 Rus mezalimine terk etmek anlam\u0131na gelece\u011finden her gelenin \u00fclkeye giri\u015fine izin verilmesine \u00f6zellikle dikkat etmi\u015flerdir. “\u00c7erkes muhacirlerine ‘mem\u00e2lik-i mahr\u00fbsa’n\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi onlar\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan kurtarmaktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Hadisenin tam tan\u0131m\u0131; soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan kurtulmak \u00fczere yap\u0131lan zorunlu bir hicrettir.”[13]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a> Zaten soyk\u0131r\u0131m tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a ge\u00e7 tarihlerde, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, insanl\u0131k tarihinin \u00e7e\u015fitli zamanlar\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve giri\u015fimlerinin oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlamak gerekir.[14]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayatta kalabilmek i\u00e7in anavatanlar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok uzaklara savrulan \u00c7erkesler Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin \u00e7e\u015fitli vilayetlerine yerle\u015ftirildiler. T\u00fcrkiye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Suriye, Filistin ve Irak topraklar\u0131na da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar. \u00c7erkesistan’\u0131n Rusya taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgali ve \u00c7erkesler’in s\u00fcrg\u00fcn s\u00fcreci bir milletin vatans\u0131z kalmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi\u011fi yerleri vatan bilmesi ile sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her zaman \u00f6vg\u00fc ile anlat\u0131lan m\u00fccadeleleri ve maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 gazetelerinde tarihi birer vesika olarak yer alman\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra ge\u00e7mi\u015fin ac\u0131 bir hat\u0131ras\u0131 olarak \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczle\u015fmi\u015ftir.[15]<\/sup><\/a> Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7erkesler, edebiyat arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla[16]<\/sup><\/a> bu ac\u0131 hat\u0131ray\u0131 canl\u0131 tutarak unutulmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak istemi\u015fler, bunun i\u00e7in hikayeler, romanlar vb. yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkas Halklar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne S\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve \u0130sk\u00e2n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya’n\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m giri\u015fimi neticesinde vatanlar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lan Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan beri \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlarla u\u011fra\u015fmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Balkanlar’daki isyanlar devleti olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7 durumda b\u0131rakmaktayd\u0131. Bir taraftan toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131 ya\u015fanmakta di\u011fer taraftan korunmas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131lan topraklardaki halk\u0131n yeni sorunlar \u00fcretmesini engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131. T\u00fcm bu olumsuz ko\u015fullara ra\u011fmen muhacirlerin sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yeni problemler de ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmu\u015ftur.[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafkas g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin toprak ve insan kayb\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin devlete olumlu katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu s\u0131\u011f\u0131nman\u0131n sadece Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00c7erkesler’e besledi\u011fi ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden kaynaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ayn\u0131 dinden olman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi yak\u0131nl\u0131k olsa da giderek zay\u0131flayan imparatorlu\u011fun taze insan ve asker g\u00fcc\u00fcne olan ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak olmas\u0131n\u0131n avantajlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[19]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1861 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul’da Muhacirin Komisyonu’nun kurulmas\u0131yla g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin iskan\u0131 ve sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi yolunda \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkas g\u00f6\u00e7menleri i\u00e7in Karadeniz’in limanlar\u0131 ba\u015fta Trabzon, Samsun olmak \u00fczere g\u00f6\u00e7menlerle dolup ta\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buralardan \u00fclkenin \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6nderilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arazi yetersizli\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00f6nceleri daha \u00e7ok Anadolu ve Rumeli taraf\u0131nda yap\u0131lan isk\u00e2n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131; zamanla Irak, Suriye, Trablusgarp, K\u0131br\u0131s, Ege adalar\u0131, Bosna, Yanya taraflar\u0131n\u0131 da kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir. Bu arada 1865’ten sonra Rusya’n\u0131n kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na yak\u0131n co\u011frafyada hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde iskana izin verilmeyece\u011fini   bildirmesi   \u00fczerine   Osmanl\u0131   H\u00fck\u00fcmeti   bu   ko\u015fula uymak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rusya, bu tarihte g\u00f6\u00e7 eden \u00c7e\u00e7enler’in en fazla Erzincan ve Diyarbak\u0131r civar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmelerini kabul edece\u011fini bildirmi\u015fti.[20]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan muhacirlerin yerle\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda baz\u0131 sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar, muhacirlerin hava ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flayamamalar\u0131 ya da yerle\u015ftirildikleri b\u00f6lgede yerli halkla ya\u015fanan \u00e7e\u015fitli problemler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn aral\u0131klarla devam etti\u011fi resmi kay\u0131tlardan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin; 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda iskan edilmek \u00fczere sevk edildikleri Suriye ve Yemen taraflar\u0131n\u0131n hava ve suyuna uyum sa\u011flayamad\u0131klar\u0131 belirtilen \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz haneden ibaret \u00c7erkes muhacirlerinin \u0130zmit Sanca\u011f\u0131’na g\u00f6nderilmesi talep edilmi\u015ftir.[21]<\/sup><\/a> Musul Kafkas G\u00f6\u00e7leri Komisyonu Reisi taraf\u0131ndan Hazine-i H\u00e2ssa Nez\u00e2ret-i Cel\u00eelesi’ne 21 \u015eubat 1888’de g\u00f6nderilen yaz\u0131da Zor Sanca\u011f\u0131’na ba\u011fl\u0131 Re’s\u00fclayn Kaz\u00e2s\u0131’nda bulunan \u00c7e\u00e7en muh\u00e2cirlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015f olan eml\u00e2k-i h\u00fcm\u00e2y\u00fbn arazilerinde isk\u00e2n edilmeleri i\u00e7in izin istenmi\u015ftir.[22]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>Da\u011f\u0131stan’dan hicret ederek Re’s\u00fclayn Kaz\u00e2s\u0131’nda isk\u00e2n edilmi\u015f bulunan muh\u00e2cirlerin, b\u00f6lgenin havas\u0131yla uyum sa\u011flayamayarak pek \u00e7o\u011funun da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kalanlar\u0131n da hastal\u0131klarla m\u00fccadele h\u00e2linde olmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine Musul Vil\u00e2yeti’nde eml\u00e2k-\u0131 h\u00fcm\u00e2y\u00fbn arazilerinde isk\u00e2n edilmeleri hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan m\u00fcr\u00e2caat\u0131n kabul olundu\u011fu, 22 \u015eubat 1888’de bildirilmi\u015ftir.[23]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samsun \u0130skelesine ula\u015f\u0131p oradan Tokat ve Zile taraflar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen 260 hane Kabardey (Kabartay) muhaciri, kendilerine yevmiye dahi verilmedi\u011finden \u015fik\u00e2yet ederek Kars sanca\u011f\u0131nda yer alan So\u011fanl\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131 civar\u0131nda isk\u00e2n edilmelerini istemi\u015fler fakat Kabartaylar’\u0131n bu talebi Rus bask\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 So\u011fanl\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131ra yak\u0131n olmas\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan reddedilmi\u015f, Harput Vilayetine gitmeleri daha uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Nihayet Harput Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Diyarbekir, Musul ve S\u00fcleymaniye taraflar\u0131n\u0131n daha uygun oldu\u011fu bildirilmi\u015ftir. Sivas Uzunyayla’daki Kabartaylar da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde talepte bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Suriye, Halep ve Beyrut vilayetleri; Musul vilayetinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131; Kud\u00fcs ve L\u00fcbnan sancaklar\u0131 gibi geni\u015f bir alana yerle\u015ftirilmeleri bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n Rusya’ya uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da tercih edilmi\u015ftir. Bu geni\u015f co\u011frafyada \u00c7erkes ve di\u011fer Kafkas muhacirleri Suriye, Yemen, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Suriye vilayeti d\u00e2hilinde Kunaytara, Zerfa, Mansure karyesi, Hayfa\/Gaybe karyesi, Salat kazas\u0131, Aclun kazas\u0131, Humus\/Aynzat kazas\u0131, Telamri, Aynzivan karyeleri ve Amman Vadi\u00fclyesar mevkilerine isk\u00e2n edilmi\u015flerdir. \u00c7erkesler ilk \u00f6nce kendilerine g\u00f6sterilen yerlere yerle\u015ftilerse de sonralar\u0131 ‘yaban ellerde’ ikamet etmek yerine daha \u00f6nce gelmi\u015f olan soyda\u015f ve akrabalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na gitmek istediler. Bu durum Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan devlete kar\u015f\u0131 herhangi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fturabilece\u011fi endi\u015fesi ta\u015f\u0131sa da genellikle bu talepler geri \u00e7evrilmemi\u015f, insani tutum sergilenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 9 \u015eevval 1295\/ 6 Eyl\u00fcl 1878’de Kunaytara’da yerle\u015fik 700 nefer \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7meni Suriye’de bulunan akrabalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na gitmek taleplerini bildirmi\u015flerdir. Bu olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir grup olsa da talebe olumlu yan\u0131t verilerek, \u00c7erkesler’in Beyrut \u0130skelesi’ne nakilleri i\u00e7in Selanik Vil\u00e2yetinden bir vapur tahsis edilmi\u015ftir. Yap\u0131lan mukavele gere\u011fi nakliyeye tahsis edilen vapurun pe\u015fin 400 lira \u00fccretinin Halep hazinesince \u00f6denmesi hususuna dair Muhacir Komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan bir tezkire g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir.[25]<\/sup><\/a> Halep b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015ftirilen \u00c7erkesler’in \u00f6nceki gerek\u00e7elere ek olarak b\u00f6lgede artan Arap milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131n T\u00fcrk- M\u00fcsl\u00fcman unsuru g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme \u00e7abas\u0131 ve Hac yolu g\u00fczergah\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 \u015feklinde ifade edilebilir.[26]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Rusya aras\u0131ndaki 93 Harbi (1877-78) \u00c7erkesler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kutsal bir misyonu da ifade etmi\u015f, Kafkasya’da kaybettikleri yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n intikam\u0131n\u0131 almak isteyen \u00c7erkesler \u00f6zellikle Rumeli’de ve Kafkas Cephesinde g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[27]<\/sup><\/a> Sava\u015f\u0131n Osmanl\u0131lar’\u0131n yenilgisiyle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 \u00c7erkesler i\u00e7in yeni bir felaketi daha getirmi\u015ftir. Evlerini tekrar terk etmek mecburiyetinde kalan \u00c7erkesler bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te de a\u00e7l\u0131k, so\u011fuk, hastal\u0131k gibi sebeplerle b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plara u\u011fram\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Balkanlar’dan di\u011fer T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk gibi g\u00f6\u00e7 eden \u00c7erkesler Anadolu’nun \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerine ve Ortado\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir.[28]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n iskan\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nemli zorluklara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fsa da uzun vadede hem ekonomik hem de siyasi pek \u00e7ok kazan\u0131m\u0131 da beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6\u00e7lerin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 1885 ve 1912 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde \u00fcretim ve \u00f6zellikle zirai \u00fcretimde b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. G\u00f6\u00e7menler bo\u015f, harap ve verimsiz alanlara yerle\u015ftirilerek buralar\u0131 \u015fenlendirilmi\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftlik sisteminden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fclkiyete dayal\u0131 k\u00f6y sistemine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7menler sayesinde demografik anlamda da kazan\u0131mlar elde etmi\u015f, kaybedilen topraklarla birlikte azalan n\u00fcfus g\u00f6\u00e7menlerle dengelenmi\u015ftir. Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 toplumlardan olan bu insanlardan orduda yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca kendilerini anavatanlar\u0131ndan zorla \u00e7\u0131karan Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131 bitmedi\u011finden ona kar\u015f\u0131 her zaman tetikte insanlar olarak Osmanl\u0131 toplumundaki Rusya’ya y\u00f6nelik hassasiyeti canl\u0131 tutmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu hassasiyet \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’dan sonra kurulan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde devam etmi\u015ftir.[29]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ve yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7enlerin resmi istatistiklere k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yans\u0131t\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri aras\u0131nda bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fmede karars\u0131z olmalar\u0131, yerle\u015fik n\u00fcfusla \u00e7eli\u015fmeleri vb. yan\u0131nda vergi \u00f6demeye ve askerli\u011fe hemen ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00fcretken i\u015flere ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte kay\u0131t tutulmalar\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f fakat bu durum bir hayli gecikmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi pek \u00e7ok \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7meni orduya ve g\u00fcvenlik birimlerine alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u015fehirlerdeki zaptiyelerin \u00e7o\u011fu \u00c7erkes’ti. Fakat kay\u0131tlar tam olarak tutulmuyordu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde Selahaddin Bey yeni gelen g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00c7erkesler’in say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 1.008.000 olarak tahmin etmi\u015fti. Selahaddin Bey, Avrupa’ya 595.000, Anadolu’ya ise 413.000 \u00c7erkes’in yerle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015ftir. (La Turquie \u00e2 l’Exposition, 5. B\u00f6l\u00fcm) Karpat, bu tahminin yeni g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfusuna dair en do\u011fru yap\u0131lan ilk tahmin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek \u00c7erkesler’den s\u00f6z eden az say\u0131daki Avrupal\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 200.000 olarak tahmin etmelerini bu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn boyutu ile ilgili bilgisizliklerinin bir g\u00f6stergesi saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[30]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Balkanlarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu toplam n\u00fcfusun %35’ini olu\u015ftururken ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda bu oran\u0131n en az %43’e ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu art\u0131\u015f az say\u0131da do\u011fum oran\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olsa da \u00e7o\u011funlukla K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkas M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ile ilgilidir. 1853-1878 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6\u00e7lerle Balkanlardaki n\u00fcfus M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n lehine artsa da y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7erkesler de dahil olmak \u00fczere Balkanlardan Anadolu’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kald\u0131lar. “B\u00f6ylelikle bu g\u00f6\u00e7, geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 toplumsal ve siyasal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olan bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrler aras\u0131 etkile\u015fim, asimilasyon ve entegrasyon s\u00fcrecini harekete ge\u00e7irmi\u015f oldu.” Kafkasya, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Balkanlardan Anadolu’ya ve oradan da Suriye ve Irak’a kadar yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin say\u0131s\u0131 1908’e gelindi\u011finde 5 milyon civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda bu hareketlilikle birlikte 1878’den itibaren imparatorlu\u011fun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman devlete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1880’de Anadolu’nun M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu %80’i bulmu\u015ftu. Bu oran bundan sonra da artarak devam etmi\u015ftir.[31]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar’\u0131n Irak’ta \u0130sk\u00e2n\u0131 ve G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Durumlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafkasya’n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131 kesiminin yerli halk\u0131 olan \u00c7erkesler, 1864’te Ruslar’\u0131n \u00c7erkesya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesinin ard\u0131ndan Irak’\u0131 da i\u00e7eren Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler.[32]<\/sup><\/a> Irak’taki Kafkas kabilelerinden \u00c7e\u00e7enler, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar ve \u00c7erkesler 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan anavatanlar\u0131ndan kovularak Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Suriye ve Irak topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir.[33]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul’da Bab\u0131ali taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6\u00e7menleri kabul etmek ve \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek amac\u0131yla 1869’da bir M\u00fclteci Komisyonu kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu komisyon t\u0131pk\u0131 Polonya, Bohemya, Macaristan’dan gelen m\u00fclteciler gibi Kafkasya ve K\u0131r\u0131m’dan g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler, Anadolu’ya ve daha geni\u015f co\u011frafyaya sahip olan Suriye (\u015eam) vilayetine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir. Milyonlarca m\u00fclteci \u00fclke i\u00e7i yard\u0131m ve beslenme, giydirme ve bar\u0131nma gibi temel ihtiya\u00e7lar i\u00e7in Komisyon taraf\u0131ndan \u015fehirlere ve daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yerle\u015fim birimlerine g\u00f6nderilerek k\u00f6ylere yerle\u015ftirilmeleri te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir. M\u00fclteci Komisyonunun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 emsal te\u015fkil etmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemliydi. G\u00f6zalt\u0131 veya g\u00f6zalt\u0131 kamplar\u0131 yoktu; sabit bir yerde temel acil yard\u0131m sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak yerine yerel topluluklar\u0131 bu insanl\u0131k ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaya ve misafirperverlik sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6neltmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece M\u00fcsl\u00fcman “karde\u015f”li\u011fi te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir.[34]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irak ve Suriye’ye g\u00f6nderilen s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlere yerli halk\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f uluslararas\u0131 kavram\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve insani nitelikte olmu\u015ftur. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminin tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131 ve Arap vilayetlerine \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f millet topluluklar\u0131 sistemi ile etkile\u015fimin sonucudur. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z mandas\u0131n\u0131n yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci dayatmas\u0131 ile, zorunlu ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7, b\u00f6lgeyi ba\u015ftan sona geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli aile, soy ve kabile a\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015fturarak karakterize etmi\u015ftir. Konukseverlik ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak kavramlar\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmet kararnamesiyle de\u011fil, birey ve topluluk d\u00fczeyinde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulacak kavramlard\u0131r. Ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, do\u011falar\u0131 gere\u011fi tehlikeli ve g\u00fcvensiz olsalar da kamu bilincinde kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Misafirperverlik verilmesi sadece bir kamu mal\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ev sahibinin itibar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran bir eylem olarak da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. B\u00f6ylece, konukseverli\u011fin bir y\u00f6n\u00fc olarak s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma, bireysel vatanda\u015f i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar toplumsal kolektif i\u00e7in de bir gereklilik haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu sosyal ve etik normlar, Orta Do\u011fu’da kendi kendine yerle\u015fme ve yerel topluluk bar\u0131nd\u0131rma ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r ve Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler i\u00e7in de benzer normlar i\u015fletilmi\u015ftir.[35]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irak’a yerle\u015ftirilen \u00c7erkesler’in say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bilgilere ula\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. \u0130lk yerle\u015ftirmeler sonras\u0131nda da durum di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re daha belirsiz durumdad\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Irak’taki \u00c7e\u00e7en, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131 ve \u00c7erkesler’in sorunlar\u0131 ele al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan n\u00fcfusa dair sa\u011flam kay\u0131tlar tutulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7erkesler’in da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k bi\u00e7imde \u00f6zellikle Irak’\u0131n en u\u00e7 kuzeybat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olan Fishabur b\u00f6lgesinden itibaren Musul’dan ge\u00e7ip Irak’\u0131n ortas\u0131na inen bir hat \u00fczerinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve bu b\u00f6lgenin ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrkmen b\u00f6lgesi oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Irak’ta ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkesler’in kendilerine T\u00fcrkmenler’i daha yak\u0131n g\u00f6rerek onlarla birlikte varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu y\u00fczden Irakl\u0131lar \u00c7erkesler’i T\u00fcrk ya da T\u00fcrkmen olarak adland\u0131rmaktad\u0131rlar. Irak’taki Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar’\u0131n y\u00fczde 75’ini \u00c7e\u00e7enler meydana getirmektedir. \u00d6nceleri Tikrit’in kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na, Dicle Nehri’nin sol taraf\u0131na yerle\u015fen \u00c7e\u00e7enler, daha sonra di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere ge\u00e7mi\u015fler, Ba\u011fdat’a kadar inen \u00c7e\u00e7enler bir mahalle etraf\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ba\u011fdat’ta \u00c7e\u00e7enler’in ikamet etti\u011fi mahalle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile \u00c7e\u00e7en Mahallesi olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7e\u00e7enler \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6netimde de bulunmu\u015flard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1911’de Ba\u011fdat Valili\u011fi’ni vek\u00e2leten y\u00fcr\u00fcten Yusuf Akay’\u0131n \u00c7erkes oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Ba\u011fdat’ta tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir \u00c7erkes ailesinin mensubu olan Ekrem Fehmi, Irak’ta krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde Milli E\u011fitim M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6revini y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[36]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gerek i\u00e7 gerekse d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7ler sayesinde Irak’\u0131n demografik yap\u0131s\u0131[37]<\/sup><\/a> de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00c7erkesler ile Ruslar aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015flar sonunda 1860’lardan itibaren ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00c7erkes s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcnde Irak’a g\u00f6\u00e7 eden \u00c7erkes, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131 ve \u00c7e\u00e7enler’in say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 30.000 ile 50.000 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir.[38]<\/sup><\/a> G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00c7erkesler’in Irak’taki say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n 2.000’den fazla olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir.[39]<\/sup><\/a> Rakamlar aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar Irakl\u0131 Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131na ait sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 n\u00fcfus verilerinin olmamas\u0131yla ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7erkes k\u00f6kenli 1.890 ailenin ortalama 5’er ki\u015fiden olu\u015ftu\u011fu varsay\u0131m\u0131na dayan\u0131larak, Irak’ta toplam \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfusunun 10 bin ki\u015fi civar\u0131nda oldu\u011funa dair tahminler y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. Irak’ta ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfusuna dair Irak’ta yap\u0131lan baz\u0131 yay\u0131nlarda farkl\u0131 rakamlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ‘El-\u0130tticah El-Akhar \/ Di\u011fer Taraf Gazetesi’nin 21 A\u011fustos 2004 tarihli 183. say\u0131s\u0131nda Hasan \u015eruh imzal\u0131 “Adige Evi Ba\u011fdat Cehenneminde Kayn\u0131yor” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131da, sadece Ba\u011fdat’ta 30.000’den fazla Adige ailenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret edilmi\u015fse de belirtilen rakam\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131 teyit edilememi\u015ftir. Bunun gibi S\u00fcleymaniye’nin Berzenci b\u00f6lgesinde, 5 \u00c7e\u00e7en K\u00f6y\u00fc’ne da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve say\u0131s\u0131 bini ge\u00e7en Adige bulundu\u011fu iddia edilmi\u015f fakat bu k\u00f6ylere ili\u015fkin net bilgi elde edilemedi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Duhok’ta Adige k\u00f6y\u00fc vard\u0131r. Zaho’da Adige (Kabardey) k\u00f6kenli \u0130mam Abd\u00fcl Muhsin Han’\u0131n t\u00fcrbesi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Musul’da da “Abzah” adl\u0131 bir k\u00f6y mevcuttur. Birbirinden uzak ve farkl\u0131 yerlerde ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkesler’in ekseriyetle asker olduklar\u0131 ya da devlet kurumlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 aralar\u0131nda doktor, m\u00fchendis, gazeteci ve y\u00f6neticilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bilinmektedir.[40]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkasya’dan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ile Irak’a yerle\u015fenler kendi gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerini devam ettirirken Irak’ta yerle\u015ftikleri b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerinden de etkilenmi\u015flerdir. Irak’taki \u00c7erkesler, gerek dini gerekse \u00f6zel toplumsal g\u00fcnlerde, Kuzey Kafkasya gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerini yerine getirmeye \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermektedirler. \u00c7e\u00e7enler, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, Adigeler g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f itibariyle Araplar’a uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Benzer durum, di\u011fer K\u00fcrt ve T\u00fcrkmen b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkesler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu b\u00f6lgelerde inan\u00e7 ve geleneklerden de etkilenilmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer yandan k\u00f6kene ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 korunmas\u0131, kendilerine ait geleneklerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi a\u015famas\u0131nda “Adige Kanunlar\u0131” olarak bilinen “Khabze”ye ba\u011fl\u0131\u011fa \u00f6nem verilmektedir. Yemek k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131 \u00c7erkes mutfa\u011f\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc yemekler olan H\u0131ltm\u0131\u015f, Kilmi\u015f, K\u0131rzin\u015f, Mehlebiye, \u015eipsi Pasta ve Haluj gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli yemeklerin ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lmas\u0131yla sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Dil konusuna gelindi\u011finde ise durumun parlak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ok az say\u0131da kalm\u0131\u015f olan ya\u015fl\u0131n\u0131n anadilini (\u00c7e\u00e7ence, Lezgice, Adigece) ve leh\u00e7eleri aile i\u00e7inde konu\u015ftu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Gen\u00e7 neslin ise anadilini kullanma konusunda istekli olmamas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla unutulma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131n Irak’ta dillerini tamamen unutmalar\u0131 asimilasyon olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131racakt\u0131r.[41]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7erkesler’in Irak tarihinin farkl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusudur. Ayr\u0131ca Rafideyn topraklar\u0131na (Dicle ve F\u0131rat Nehirlerinin aras\u0131) ruhen ve manen mensup olma ve sadakat duygular\u0131ndan hareketle, XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, ba\u015fta Irak Ordusu olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok siyasi ve askeri kurumda esas te\u015fkil eden katk\u0131lar sunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Irak’ta \u00f6nemli i\u015fler ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131, \u00c7e\u00e7en ve Adige \u015fahsiyetlere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, subay ve komutanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. “\u00c7erkeslerin maddi durumu genel olarak orta veya iyi d\u00fczeydedir. Ancak, g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle de \u015eii milisleri taraf\u0131ndan tehdide maruz kalmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Diyala b\u00f6lgesinde bir \u00c7erkes k\u00f6y\u00fc tamamen yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 25 aile s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015ftir. Saddam H\u00fcseyin rejiminin bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda 2003’ten sonra \u00e7o\u011funluk topluluklar\u0131n yerelde elde ettikleri g\u00fc\u00e7le ve kontrolle birlikte \u00c7erkeslere y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131 politikalar\u0131 uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir. B\u00f6yle bir durum i\u00e7inde \u00c7erkes az\u0131nl\u0131k olarak Irak i\u00e7inde etnik kimli\u011fi muhafaza etmek ve varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. “[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131, etnik, dini veya di\u011fer gerek\u00e7elerle kas\u0131tl\u0131 \u015fiddet g\u00f6rmediklerini fakat tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ve Arap ve K\u00fcrt g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri aras\u0131nda \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131malar g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6zellikle Musul, Kerk\u00fck, Tuzhurmatu’da g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015flerdir. Baz\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve Adigeler dahil olmak \u00fczere, \u00f6zellikle S\u00fcnni \u00c7erkesler’in \u015eii milisler ve di\u011fer gruplar taraf\u0131ndan hedef al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. 2003’ten sonra i\u00e7 sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fiddet pek \u00e7ok \u00c7erkes’i yerinden etmi\u015ftir. Kafkasyal\u0131lar’a y\u00f6nelik son y\u0131llarda rapor edilmi\u015f yeni hi\u00e7bir yerinden etme olay\u0131 bulunmasa da, 2003 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra bir\u00e7ok \u00c7erkes ailenin yerinden edildi\u011fi bildirilmektedir. Yerinden edilen aileler \u00e7o\u011funlukla Ba\u011fdat’ta \u015fiddetin zirve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 2007 senesinde Hamdaniye alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na itilmi\u015flerdir. Anekdot raporlar yerlerinden edilmi\u015f \u00c7erkes ailelerin ya evlerine d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ya da \u00e7evredeki topluluklar\u0131n i\u00e7ine yerleymi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015flerdir.[43]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genel olarak ifade etmek gerekirse Irak’ta Kafkas halklar\u0131 say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok az oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Arap, K\u00fcrt ve T\u00fcrkmen toplumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kaybolmu\u015flard\u0131r.[44]<\/sup><\/a> Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden bu yana \u00c7erkesler, Irak toplumu i\u00e7inde giderek zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Saddam H\u00fcseyin rejimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fmeleri zulme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmetin uzant\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131larak merkezi otoriteye tehdit olmakla su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, rejimin bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtulmak amac\u0131yla \u00c7erkesler, yerel dilleri ve gelenekleri benimseyerek Irak toplumu i\u00e7inde asimile oldular. Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmek i\u00e7in “Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma”, “K\u00fcrtle\u015ftirme” ve “T\u00fcrkmenle\u015ftirme”ye maruz kald\u0131lar. Kuzey Kafkasya diasporas\u0131 Irak’\u0131n eritme potas\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u015fu anda \u00c7erkesler, \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar Irak Anayasas\u0131na g\u00f6re resmi olarak etnik az\u0131nl\u0131k olarak tan\u0131nmamakta ve Irak Parlamentosu i\u00e7inde ihtiya\u00e7 ve taleplerini temsil edebilecek bir \u00fcyeleri bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkasya kabileleri onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r Saddam H\u00fcseyin rejimi alt\u0131ndaki bask\u0131dan etkilenmi\u015f ve durum ABD taraf\u0131ndan dayat\u0131lan \u015eii h\u00fck\u00fcmetiyle de de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f ve 2014’te \u0130sl\u00e2m Devletinin y\u00fckseli\u015finden sonra daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130sl\u00e2m Devleti; uluslararas\u0131 koalisyon ve K\u00fcrt pe\u015fmergeleri ve Irak askeri g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle neredeyse tamamen yenildiyse de az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n durumu iyile\u015fmemi\u015ftir.[45]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki, mevcut siyasi ve g\u00fcvenlik durumu Irak’ta, Ba\u011fdat ve Erbil aras\u0131nda K\u00fcrt \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ve \u0130ran ve Suudi Arabistan’\u0131n jeopolitik etkisi b\u00f6lgesel dengeler \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7erkes toplulu\u011fu ve “\u00c7erkesler” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecekler di\u011fer Kuzey Kafkas kabileleriyle akraba olanlar \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar’\u0131n temsil edilmesi i\u00e7in etnik bir az\u0131nl\u0131k olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131na \u015fiddetle ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r. K\u00fcrt referandumunun ard\u0131ndan Irak H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, herhangi bir \u00f6zerklik ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k giri\u015fimini engellemek i\u00e7in az\u0131nl\u0131klar \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011finden, \u00c7erkes toplulu\u011funun resmi olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131 zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[46]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6z\u00fc edilen ko\u015fullarda 2003 sonras\u0131 yeniden \u015fekillenen Irak’ta \u00c7erkesler de kimliklerini yeniden tan\u0131mlama ve tan\u0131tma gayreti i\u00e7ine girerek bu ama\u00e7la \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir yap\u0131 meydana getirmi\u015flerdir. 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7e\u00e7enler, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar ve Adigeler’i tek bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir araya getirmek i\u00e7in ‘s\u0131k\u0131 tutunma’ anlam\u0131na gelen “El-Tadamun” Derne\u011fini kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Merkezi Kerk\u00fck’te olan derne\u011fin Ba\u011fdat, Musul, Tikrit, Diyala ve Anbar gibi illerde de temsilcilikleri vard\u0131r. Dernek \u00fcyelerinin \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131 Kerk\u00fck ile Ba\u011fdat’tand\u0131r. El-Tadamun Derne\u011fi \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oran\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %30, gen\u00e7lerin oran\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %40’t\u0131r. 400’e yak\u0131n \u00fcyesi bulunan dernek \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu lisans ile \u00f6n lisans mezunudur. Devlet dairelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan memurlar, doktor, m\u00fchendis, \u00f6\u011fretmen, t\u00fcccar ve serbest meslek sahibi olan \u00fcyeler de yer almaktad\u0131r.[47]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u00f6zellikle son iki y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7 olgusu dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin tarihi de uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketleriyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7edir. “Bu tarihin erken d\u00f6nemi ulus-devlet yaratma s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde daha t\u00fcrde\u015f bir toplumun yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7abalara tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede yeni kurulan ulus-devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki gayri-M\u00fcslim n\u00fcfusun d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ayr\u0131ca buna paralel olarak bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgelerde kalan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n \u00fclkeye g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc desteklenmi\u015ftir. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131na kadar T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 milyona yak\u0131n gayri-M\u00fcslim n\u00fcfusu g\u00f6\u00e7le kaybederken, yakla\u015f\u0131k iki milyon kadar T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu da yine g\u00f6\u00e7le kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130mparatorluk sonras\u0131nda azalan \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7 olarak da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece bu erken d\u00f6nemden ba\u015flayarak uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn bir yandan siyasal, bir yandan ekonomik bir de\u011fi\u015fken olarak \u00fclkedeki farkl\u0131 siyaset ve siyasa \u00fcretme alanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir bile\u015feni oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6nem a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn ulus-devlet merkezli bir anlay\u0131\u015fla kurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir.”[48]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya’n\u0131n istilac\u0131 bir politika izlemeye ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan en \u00f6nemli set Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131 ve kadim halk\u0131 \u00c7erkesler olmu\u015fsa da; gerek n\u00fcfus gerekse askeri te\u00e7hizat \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Rusya’da olmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131lar’\u0131n kimi zaman siyasi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fczl\u00fckle Ruslar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00c7erkesler’e gereken deste\u011fi tam ve zaman\u0131nda vermemesi, Osmanl\u0131lar’\u0131n da Ruslar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini kaybetmesiyle durumun daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmesi, Kafkasya’n\u0131n Avrupa’ya “uzak” say\u0131larak bu mesele ile ilgilenmemeleri, sava\u015fta bile hukuk g\u00f6zeten Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n bu tavr\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Ruslar’\u0131n t\u00fcm barbarl\u0131klar\u0131 sergileyerek Kafkasya’y\u0131 istila etmek i\u00e7in ormanlar\u0131 bile yakmaktan \u00e7ekinmemesi, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n milli kimlik in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n eksikli\u011finin g\u00f6stergesi say\u0131labilecek bir tutumla Ruslar’a kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta – \u015eeyh \u015eamil d\u00f6nemi k\u0131smen hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere-birlikte hareket edememeleri, \u00fcstelik baz\u0131 Kafkas Prensliklerinin Rusya ile anla\u015farak Rus istilas\u0131na f\u0131rsat sunmalar\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok nedene ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131, Ruslar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda m\u00fccadeleyi kaybetmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131 istila etmek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00f6nteme ba\u015fvuran Ruslar, evleri, k\u00f6yleri, ormanlar\u0131 yakm\u0131\u015flar, insanlara ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 tan\u0131mam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sibirya’ya s\u00fcr\u00fclmek, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan halk\u0131n din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye zorlanmas\u0131 se\u00e7eneklerini \u00f6l\u00fcmle bir tuttuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmay\u0131 tek kurtulu\u015f yolu olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Bu \u015fekilde ya\u015famak i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n sonu da \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00f6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f, say\u0131s\u0131z insan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Anavatanlar\u0131 olan Kuzey Kafkasya’dan at\u0131lan halklar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ile ilgili \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bilgiler olsa da 1860’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilenlerin bir bu\u00e7uk milyondan daha az olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm se\u00e7eneklerde \u00f6l\u00fcme g\u00f6nderdi\u011finden ve sistematik bi\u00e7imde bir halk\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yok etmek i\u00e7in t\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemleri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Rusya’n\u0131n bu giri\u015fimi soyk\u0131r\u0131md\u0131r. Ruslar sadece Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011fil onlar\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan atlar\u0131n\u0131 bile yok etmekten \u00e7ekinmemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar’a ia\u015fe ve bar\u0131nma yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Anadolu, Rumeli, \u015eam, Halep, Musul vb. vilayetlere isk\u00e2n edilmi\u015flerdir. \u0130sk\u00e2n s\u00fcrecinde g\u00f6\u00e7lerin yo\u011funlu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli problemlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bazen muhacirler yerle\u015fim ve iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli olmayan b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftirildiklerinden \u00e7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131klarla ve zorluklarla m\u00fccadele etmi\u015flerdir. Devletin \u00c7erkesler’i sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerinden yararlanmak \u00fczere sorunlu b\u00f6lgelere denge unsuru olarak yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti yenilince Rumeli’ye yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan \u00c7erkesler yeni bir g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131yla Anadolu’ya gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde ve ard\u0131ndan kurulan T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde pek \u00e7ok yararl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6stermi\u015fler, 93 Harbi’ne ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’na b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131larla i\u015ftirak etmi\u015fler, Milli M\u00fccadele y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00fclke savunmas\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[49]<\/sup><\/a> Kuzey Kafkasya s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri ve onlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin \u00f6zellikle son altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclkenin sosyal, siyasi ve ekonomik ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revler \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir. Birinci Me\u015frutiyetin ilan\u0131ndan (1876) sonra aralar\u0131ndan en az d\u00f6rt Sadrazam; Ahmet Hamdi Pa\u015fa, Hayreddin Pa\u015fa, Mahmut \u015eevket Pa\u015fa, Salih Hulusi Pa\u015fa, iki Ba\u015fbakan; H\u00fcseyin Rauf Orbay ve Recep Peker ile \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fcnl\u00fc asker, politikac\u0131, devlet adam\u0131, y\u00f6netici ve sanat\u00e7\u0131 yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir.[50]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkesler, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn sonras\u0131nda “\u00c7erkes” ismini kullanarak baz\u0131 olu\u015fumlara da imza atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan “\u00c7erkes \u0130ttih\u00e2d ve Te\u00e2v\u00fcn Cemiyeti” ile ba\u015flayan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimli\u011fin[51]<\/sup><\/a> korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik giri\u015fimler “\u00c7erkes Teav\u00fcn Mektebi”, “\u00c7erkes Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 Te\u00e2v\u00fcn Cemiyeti” ve “\u00c7erkes Numune Mektebi” ile devam etmi\u015ftir. Yine Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde kurulan ve “Kafkasyal\u0131l\u0131k”a at\u0131f yapan yap\u0131lara da izin verilmi\u015ftir. Bunlara “\u015eimali Kafkas Cemiyeti” ve “Kafkas Teali Cemiyeti” gibi olu\u015funlar \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir. Cumhuriyet’e ge\u00e7i\u015fle birlikte, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminden kalan -di\u011fer etnik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerde oldu\u011fu gibi- \u00c7erkesler’e ait olup halen ayakta durabilen sivil \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin faaliyetlerine son verilmi\u015ftir.[52]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015famakta olan \u00c7erkesler, kurulan yeni \u00fclkelerin siyasi yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’nin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde Suriye[53]<\/sup><\/a>, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Irak vb. pek \u00e7ok \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde varl\u0131k g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n sona ermesinin ard\u0131ndan \u0130ngiliz himayesine girmi\u015f olan Irak’ta \u00c7erkesler’in kaderi de Irakl\u0131lar’\u0131n kaderiyle birlikte ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r denilebilir. \u00c7erkesler’in s\u00fcrg\u00fcn s\u0131ras\u0131nda Irakl\u0131 yerli halk[54]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>taraf\u0131ndan kabul\u00fc Arap konukseverli\u011finin ve \u0130sl\u00e2m karde\u015fli\u011finin do\u011fal sonucu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fse de \u00f6zellikle Kafkasya co\u011frafyas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ko\u015fullara sahip olan Ortado\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6llerinde \u00c7erkesler b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklara katlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Irak’ta ya\u015fayan Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar’\u0131n durumuyla ilgili sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bilgilerin az olu\u015fu, \u00c7erkesler’in buradaki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zaman zaman tehditlere maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. En ba\u015fta n\u00fcfus bilgileri hakk\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 verilerin mevcut olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Gerek etnik gerekse mezhep \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi i\u00e7inde bask\u0131n unsurlar aras\u0131nda; T\u00fcrkmen, Arap, K\u00fcrt, \u015eii vb. eridikleri, dillerini kaybettikleri anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle 1990’lardan itibaren Irak’\u0131n Amerikan i\u015fgaliyle beraber ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7te, sava\u015f\u0131n i\u00e7 sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesiyle beraber bitmeyen kaos, Irak’ta az say\u0131da olduklar\u0131 tahmin edilen Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131 \u00c7erkes, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131 ve \u00c7e\u00e7enler i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklar\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Son d\u00f6nemlerde Irak’ta normalle\u015fme aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yeni yap\u0131lanma i\u00e7inde \u00c7erkesler’in kimliklerinin korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalara rastlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden az say\u0131da Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131, ulusal kimliklerinin, dillerinin, geleneklerinin ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve gelece\u011fe ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00e7abas\u0131yla “el Tadamun” Derne\u011fini kurarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan Irak Anayasas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fclkede b\u00fct\u00fcn vatanda\u015flar\u0131n e\u015fit oldu\u011fu ve az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131na gerek duyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 deklere edilmi\u015fse de pratikte Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar’\u0131n ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Di\u011fer asimile edilmi\u015f t\u00fcm unsurlarla birlikte Irak \u00c7erkesleri’nin de kimliklerini koruma, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, en ba\u015fta dillerini gelece\u011fe aktarma haklar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n, Irak’\u0131n demokratikle\u015fmesine de katk\u0131 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

REFERANSLAR:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> Mehmet Emin Resulzade, \u0130nsanlara H\u00fcrriyet Kafkasya’n\u0131n \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Yolunda, Derleyenler: Ali Asker-H\u00fcmeyra S\u00fcmeyye Kahraman- M\u00fcbariz G\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc, Haz. Shafiga Babayeva, Nestor Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2021, s.22-23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in Bkz., \u0130smail Berkok, Tarihte Kafkasya, \u0130stanbul Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1958.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> Hayri Ersoy- Aysun Kamac\u0131, \u00c7erkes Tarihi, \u0130stanbul 1992, s.84.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> Kadircan Kafl\u0131, \u015eimali Kafkasya, \u0130stanbul 1942, s.31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> Cahit Aslan, “Bir Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n Ad\u0131: 1864 B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7erkes S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc”, Uluslar Aras\u0131 Su\u00e7lar ve Tarih, Say\u0131: 1, Yaz 2006, s.104.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> Didem \u00c7atalk\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, Kafkasya’da Rus Yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mozdok Hatt\u0131 (1552-1832), Koyusiyah Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara 2021, s.1, 175-176.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> Nurg\u00fcn Ko\u00e7, “Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 Sonunda Kuzey Kafkasya’da Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan Siyasi Geli\u015fmeler ve T\u00fcrkiye”, T\u00fcrk- \u0130sl\u00e2m Medeniyeti Akademik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Dergisi, C: XIV, Say\u0131: 27, K\u0131\u015f 2019, s.112-113.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> Aslan, a.g.m., s. 117.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> World Directory of Minorities, Edited by Minority Rights Group, First published, London1997, s.302.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> G. I. El’chinova- A. H. Makaov vd., “Marriage and Migratory Characteristic of Circassians (Late 20th Century)”, Russian Journal of Genetics, C: LII, Say\u0131: 3, 2016, s.339.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> Abdullah Saydam, “Soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan Ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f: Cebel-i Elsineden Mem\u00e2lik-i Mahr\u00fbsaya”, 1864 Kafkas Tehciri: Kafkaslarda Rus Kolonizasyonu, Sava\u015f ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn, Edi. Mehmet Hac\u0131saliho\u011flu, Balkar & Irc\u0131ca, \u0130stanbul 2014, s.78.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> G\u00fclmelek Do\u011fanay, “Hat\u0131ralarla Kurulan Bir Toplumsal Kimlik: 21 May\u0131s 1864 S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc ve T\u00fcrkiyeli \u00c7erkesler”, Turkish Studies, C: X, Yaz 2015, s.371.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> Saydam, a.g.e., s.106-107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> G\u00f6\u00e7, zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m kavram\u0131n\u0131n hukuki tan\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in Bkz., Reyhan Tur\u011fut, Kuzey Kafkasya Halklar\u0131n\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc (21 May\u0131s 1864), Karab\u00fck \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Tarih Ana Bilim Dal\u0131, Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, Karab\u00fck 2019, s.19-28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> Ay\u015fenur Do\u011fan, \u00c7erkes S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc ve Osmanl\u0131 Bas\u0131n\u0131na Yans\u0131malar\u0131 (1863-1865), Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Tarih Anabilim Dal\u0131, Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, Haziran 2019, s.106.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> T\u00fcrkiye’ye yerle\u015fen \u00c7erkesler’in dillerini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini koruman\u0131n Anadolu’nun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginli\u011fini \u00e7o\u011faltaca\u011f\u0131, bu kapsamda yap\u0131sal politikalar k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fclkenin zenginli\u011fi olarak g\u00f6ren dilsel, dini ve folklorik temsilin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyo-politik yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrce in\u015fa edilmesi gerekti\u011fi ifade edilmektedir, Bkz., Nurettin \u00d6zgen, “Demographic Development and Some Cultural Characteristics of Anatolian Circassians”, https:\/\/d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\/44063339\/Ozgen-<\/a>Chapter-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires, Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 27.12.2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> Tarihi roman ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00c7erkez s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn edebiyata yans\u0131mas\u0131 ve Muhittin Kandur’un Kafkas \u00dc\u00e7lemesi i\u00e7in Bkz., P\u0131nar Al\u00e7i\u00e7ek, “Kafkas \u00dc\u00e7lemesi’nde 1864 \u00c7erkez S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc”, Uluslararas\u0131 Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Dergisi, C: XII, Say\u0131: 65, A\u011fustos 2019, ss.13-23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> Sedat Kanat, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne Yap\u0131lan 1864 Kafkas G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Tarih Anabilim Dal\u0131 Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, Erzurum 2011, s.69.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> Ayhan Kaya, T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00c7erkesler Diasporada Gelene\u011fin Yeniden \u0130cad\u0131, \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2011, s.53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> Saydam, a.g.e., s.96.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> BOA, DH.MKT-1325-23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> Osmanl\u0131 Belgelerinde Kafkas G\u00f6\u00e7leri I, T.C. Barbakanl\u0131k Devlet Ar\u015fivleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi Daire Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131n No: 121, \u0130stanbul 2012, s.86.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> Osmanl\u0131 Belgelerinde Kafkas G\u00f6\u00e7leri II, T.C. Barbakanl\u0131k Devlet Ar\u015fivleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi Daire Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131n No: 122, \u0130stanbul 2012, s.316.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> J\u00fclide Aky\u00fcz Orat- Mustafa Tanr\u0131verdi, “Kafkaslardan Kars’a H\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc Yolculuk”, 1864 Kafkas Tehciri: Kafkaslarda Rus Kolonizasyonu, Sava\u015f ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn, Edi. Mehmet Hac\u0131saliho\u011flu, Balkar & Irc\u0131ca, \u0130stanbul 2014, s.233-234.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> J\u00fclide Aky\u00fcz Orat -Nebahat Oran Arslan, “Kafkaslardan Arap Topraklar\u0131na Kafkas Muhacirleri”, a.g.e., s.486-487.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> Habibe Polat, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Halep ve Civar\u0131na \u00c7erkesleri \u0130sk\u00e2n\u0131 (1856-1914), \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Tarih Anabilim Dal\u0131 Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi, Malatya 2019, s.201-202.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> Elbruz Aksoy, Benim Ad\u0131m 1864, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 2018, s.28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> Cemile \u015eahin, “\u00c7erkes G\u00f6\u00e7leri ve \u00c7erkeslerin Anadolu’da Yurt Edinme Aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131: Sakarya-Maksudiye K\u00f6y\u00fc \u00d6rne\u011fi”, \u0130nsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, C: V, Say\u0131: 8, 2016, s.2812.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> Tuncay D\u00fczenli, Adapazar\u0131 ve Civar\u0131nda \u00c7erkes Muhacirlerin \u0130sk\u00e2n\u0131 ve Uyum Problemleri, Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Tarih Anabilim Dal\u0131, Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya 2006, s.111.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> Kemal H. Karpat, Osmanl\u0131 N\u00fcfusu 1830-1914, Tima\u015f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2010, s.87-88.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> a.g.e., s.152-153.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> 15 UNHCR Refworld, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Iraq: Overview, April 2008,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 URL,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 retrieved\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 April\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2010, http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/refworld\/topic<\/a>, 463af2212,49709c792,3ae6ad7d2c,\u00a0 0.html, Akt., Mumtaz Lalani,\u00a0 “Still Targeted: Continued Persecution of Iraq’s Minorities”, Report, Minority Rights Group International 2010, s.6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> Bayar Mustafa Sevdeen- Thomas Schmidinger, Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq, Transnational Press, London 2019, s.18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> Dawn Chatty, “Guests and Hosts Arab Hospitality Underpins a Humane Approach to Asylum Policy”, Ca\u0131roreview, Say\u0131: 9, 2013, s.80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a>Chatty, “The Duty to be Generous (Karam): Alternatives to Rights-based Asylumin the Middle East”, Journal of the British Academy, Say\u0131: 5, 2017, s.196.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> Irak \u00c7erkesleri (\u00c7e\u00e7enler, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, Adigeler), Orsam Rapor No: 134, Kas\u0131m 2012, s.9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> 1987 y\u0131l\u0131na ait olan ve daha sonras\u0131na ait g\u00fcvenilir kay\u0131tlara ula\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilen resmi verilere g\u00f6re Irak’taki etnik gruplar\u0131n oran\u0131 Arap %75-80, K\u00fcrt %15-20, di\u011fer %5 (T\u00fcrkmen, Yezidi, \u015eabak, Kaka’i, bedevi, Roman, Asur, \u00c7erkes, Sabaean-Mandaean, Farisi) \u015feklindedir. Dinler: M\u00fcsl\u00fcman (resmi) %95-98 (\u015eii %64-69, S\u00fcnni %29-34), Hristiyan %1 (Katolik, Ortodoks, Protestan, Do\u011fu S\u00fcryani<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kilisesi), di\u011fer %1-4. Diller: Arap\u00e7a (resmi), K\u00fcrt\u00e7e (resmi), T\u00fcrkmence (T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7esi), S\u00fcryanice (Neo-Aramice) ve Ermenice, bu dillerin anadili olarak konu\u015fuldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde resmi dildir, Bkz., William K. Warda- Hamed S.A. al-Maffraji vd., Respond Working Papers Global Migration: Consequences and Responses, Iraq – Country Report Legal & Policy Framework of Migration Governance, 06 May 2018, s.18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> a.g.e., s. 16.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> 16 Chapman, C. and Taneja, P., Uncertain Refuge, Dangerous Return: Iraq’s Uprooted Minorities, London, MRG, 2009, URL, retrieved 17 May 2010, http: \/ \/www.minorityrights.org\/ <\/a>8132\/reports\/uncertain-refuge-dangerous-return-iraqsuprooted-minorities.html, Akt., Lalani, g\u00f6s.yer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a> Irak \u00c7erkesleri (\u00c7e\u00e7enler, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, Adigeler), Orsam Rapor No: 134, Kas\u0131m 2012, s.10, 15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a> a.g.e., s. 15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a> a.g.e., s.15- 17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a> \u0130brahim, Abd\u00fclazim, Mukayeseli Hukukta Az\u0131nl\u0131k Haklar\u0131\/2005 Irak Anayasas\u0131 \u00d6rne\u011fi, Adalet<\/p>\n\n\n\n

yay\u0131nevi, Ankara, 2022, s.137,140.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> Sevdeen- Schmidinger, g\u00f6s.yer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> Giuliano Bifolchi, “The Fate of the Circassian Community in Iraq between the Struggle for Survival and Formal Recognition”, IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, C: XXIV, Say\u0131: 2, \u015eubat 2019, s.83-85.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a> Bifolchi, a.g.m., s.86.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a> Irak \u00c7erkesleri (\u00c7e\u00e7enler, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, Adigeler), Orsam Rapor No: 134, Kas\u0131m 2012, s.18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> Ahmet \u0130\u00e7duygu vd., T\u00fcrkiye’nin Uluslararas\u0131 G\u00f6\u00e7 Politikalar\u0131, 1923-2023: Ulus-Devlet Olu\u015fumundan Ulus-\u00d6tesi D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere, Ko\u00e7 \u00dcniversitesi G\u00f6\u00e7 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi, \u0130stanbul 2014, s.313.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/sup><\/a> Hakan Alt\u0131n, “XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne Yap\u0131lan \u00c7erkes G\u00f6\u00e7leri (\u00c7erkes S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc)” Belgi, Say\u0131: 14, Yaz 2017\/II, s.590.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/sup><\/a> D\u00fczenli, ag.t., s.111-112.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/sup><\/a> “Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun gerileme d\u00f6neminde Osmanl\u0131 Birli\u011fi’nin (Pax-Ottomana) \u00f6nemli bir m\u00fcttefiki ve uluslararas\u0131 bir sorun olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00c7erkesler’in, kendilerini k\u00fclt\u00fcr-kimlik ekseninde ifade etmeye ve bunun i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 bir tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015fvurduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ise ulusal-\u00fcmmet\u00e7i bir \u00e7izgide oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle \u00c7erkes tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi Osmanl\u0131 tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131, \u00c7erkes tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da Osmanl\u0131-\u0130slam tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirmek isabetli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olacakt\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 \u00c7erkesler’i kendileri hakk\u0131ndaki \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 tashih ederek, medeni bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymak istemi\u015flerdir. Bu ‘medeni’ ve ‘m\u00fckemmel’ \u00c7erkes tarihinin yaz\u0131m\u0131nda ise Osmanl\u0131 siyasal iktidar\u0131n\u0131n olanaklar\u0131ndan ve Osmanl\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131mlar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131lma yoluna gidilmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, yaz\u0131lmak istenen tarih yap\u0131t\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 resmi ideolojisi ile Osmanl\u0131 tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 ve tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla uyumlu bir nitelikte olacakt\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir tarihin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00c7erkes elitinin harekete ge\u00e7irilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da bir f\u0131rsat olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu da T\u00fcrkiye’deki \u00c7erkes diasporas\u0131n\u0131n ulusal uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131na zemin ve ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.”, Bkz., Mustafa Oral, “Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit D\u00f6neminde Bir ‘\u00c7erkes Tarihi Yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 Giri\u015fimi”, \u00c7TTAD, C: VII, Say\u0131: 16-17, Bahar- G\u00fcz 2008, s.80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/sup><\/a> Metin U\u00e7ar, “Diaspora Olmak Ya Da Olmamak: \u00c7erkesler \u0130\u00e7in Hayati Bir Meselenin Analizi”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, C: VIII, Say\u0131: 15, 2021, s.299-300.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/sup><\/a> “Bug\u00fcn say\u0131lar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 bin ki\u015fiyi bulan Suriye \u00c7erkesi, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131ndan ka\u00e7arak Suriye’yi terk etmi\u015f ve t\u0131pk\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda oldu\u011fu gibi vatans\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u015eu an Suriye’ye geri   d\u00f6nememektedirler zira   d\u00f6nmeleri   durumunda   rejim   ve  muhalif g\u00fc\u00e7lerce \u00fclkelerini terk<\/p>\n\n\n\n

eden hainler olarak nitelendirileceklerdir. Anavatanlar\u0131 Kafkasya’ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fleri ise Federal Rus makamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan engellenmektedir. Bu sebeplerden dolay\u0131 ba\u015fta T\u00fcrkiye olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir ve \u00f6ncelikle bar\u0131nma olmak \u00fczere i\u015fsizlik ve di\u011fer sorunlarla m\u00fccadele etmektedirler.”, Bkz., Emir Fatih Akbulat, “Suriye \u00c7erkesleri: Suriye \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 ve M\u00fclteci Krizine Suriye \u00c7erkesleri Perspektifinden Bir Bak\u0131\u015f”, Y\u0131ld\u0131z Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi, C: II, Say\u0131: 2, 2018, s.13.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/sup><\/a> \u00c7erkesler’e sadece halk\u0131n de\u011fil devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin, askerlerin de maddi yard\u0131mlarda bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7erkes ve Nogay muhacirlerine yard\u0131m olmak \u00fczere Hicaz ve Irak Ordular\u0131na mensup \u00fcmera ve zabitan\u0131n vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 paran\u0131n poli\u00e7esinin g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir, Bkz., BOA, A.MKT.NZD-327-25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

————————–<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akbulat, Emir Fatih, “Suriye \u00c7erkesleri: Suriye \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 ve M\u00fclteci Krizine Suriye \u00c7erkesleri Perspektifinden Bir Bak\u0131\u015f”, Y\u0131ld\u0131z Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi, C: II, Say\u0131: 2, 2018, ss.1-17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aksoy, Elbruz, Benim Ad\u0131m 1864, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 1. Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al\u00e7i\u00e7ek, P\u0131nar, “Kafkas \u00dc\u00e7lemesi’nde 1864 \u00c7erkez S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc”, Uluslararas\u0131 Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Dergisi, C: XII, Say\u0131: 65, A\u011fustos 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n, Hakan, “XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne Yap\u0131lan \u00c7erkes G\u00f6\u00e7leri (\u00c7erkes S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc)” Belgi, Say\u0131: 14, Yaz 2017\/II, ss. 580-591.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aslan, Cahit, “Bir Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n Ad\u0131: 1864 B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7erkes S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc”, Uluslar Aras\u0131 Su\u00e7lar ve Tarih, Say\u0131: 1, Yaz 2006, ss. 103-153.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Berkok, \u0130smail, Tarihte Kafkasya, \u0130stanbul Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1958.Bifolchi, Giuliano, “The Fate of the Circassian Community in Iraq between the Struggle for Survival and Formal Recognition”, IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, C: XXIV, Say\u0131: 2, \u015eubat 2019, ss. 83-87.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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__________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>Ko\u00e7, N. (2022). KUZEY KAFKASYA\u2019DAN ORTADO\u011eU \u00c7\u00d6LLER\u0130NE IRAK \u00c7ERKESLER\u0130: RUSLAR\u2019IN KUZEY KAFKASYALILAR\u2019A UYGULADI\u011eI S\u00dcRG\u00dcN\/ SOYKIRIM\u2019DAN B\u0130R KES\u0130T. Sosyal ve Be\u015feri Bilimler Dergisi, Y\u0131l: 2022, Cilt:6, Say\u0131: 1 (Bu tebli\u011f, 15-16 Kas\u0131m 2021 tarihlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u201c1. Uluslararas\u0131 Irak\u2019ta Osmanl\u0131 \u0130zleri Sempozyumu\u201dnda sunulan tebli\u011fdir.) \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prof. Dr. Nurg\u00fcn KO\u00c7 Karab\u00fck \u00dcniv. Ed. Fak. Tarih B\u00f6l. nurgunkoc@karabuk.edu.tr \u00d6Z Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131 olarak bilinen Ad\u0131ge (\u00c7erkes), \u00c7e\u00e7en ve Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, Ruslar’\u0131n istilalar\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 as\u0131r direndiler. M\u00fccadeleyi kaybeden Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar, Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan vatanlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Yayg\u0131n olarak \u00c7erkes olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131lar. Y\u00fczbinlerce \u00c7erkes, en hafifi ya\u011fma olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcrl\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":383,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-382","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arstrma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/382","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=382"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/382\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":387,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/382\/revisions\/387"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/383"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=382"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=382"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/certav.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=382"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}